Effects of phenanthrene on hepatic enzymatic activities in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus♂×O. aureus♀)

The effects of phenanthrene (Phe) on hepatosomatic index (HSI) and hepatic enzymatic activities in hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus O. aureus ) were investigated via the static freshwater exposure at dosage of 50, 100, and 400 g/L for 4–14 d. Compared with the control group, HSI was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) at 400 g/L at day 14. Increased enzymatic activities (P < 0.05) were observed for catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) at either 100 or 400 g/L at day 8 and 14, as well as for CAT at 50 g/L at day 14, except for GPx at 400 g/L at day 8. Ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity was significantly increased (P < 0.05) at all dosage at day 4 as well as at 50 g/L at day 8, but significantly decreased at either 100 or 400 g/L at day 14 (P < 0.05). Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity was not a ected. The results suggest that CAT, GPx, SOD and EROD, as well as HSI in tilapia may be used as the biomarkers or indexes for evaluating or monitoring the pollution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as Phe.     

玉米秸秆发酵浸出液模拟废水发酵产氢的放大实验研究

在20L的半连续流发酵罐中,以牛粪堆肥为产氢菌源,按照玉米秸秆发酵浸出液的主要成份配制模拟废水,考察和分析了几个关键环境因素对发酵产氢的影响。结果表明,HRT、C/N、Fe2+浓度和模拟废水浓度对发酵产氢均有不同程度的影响。在本实验条件下,秸秆模拟废水的氢产量、氢浓度和产氢速率分别为11.80mol/kg、56%和8.81L/(L?d),底物转化率大于90%,废水中COD去除率为39.40%。在整个发酵产氢过程,液相主要发酵副产物为丁酸、乙酸和丙酸以及少量的乙醇和丁醇。     

Effects of various pretreatment methods on mixed microflora to enhance biohydrogen production from corn stover hydrolysate

Effects on mixed microflora to enhance biohydrogen production from corn stover hydrolysate was studied.     

污泥龄对A2/O悬浮填料生物膜工艺反硝化除磷影响

按照20%的投配比向好氧池中投加悬浮式填料,将传统A2/O 工艺转变为A2/O复合式生物膜工艺.以实际市政污水为处理对象,考察了如何强化反硝化除磷效果的方法.结果表明,通过改变污泥龄从而适当的增加装置中污泥浓度可以有效的提高缺氧区反硝化除磷的效果,当SRT=Bd时,装置总体的处理效果最好.COD,总氮,氨氮和总磷的去除...     

巯基改性玉米秸秆吸附Hg(Ⅱ)的热力学特征研究

采用化学反应的合成方法向玉米秸秆中引入巯基官能团,并进行电镜扫描、红外光谱和X射线电子能谱分析.在此基础上,以巯基改性玉米秸秆为吸附剂,通过批处理试验讨论了吸附时间、体系pH和温度等因素对水体中Hg(Ⅱ)吸附的影响.结果表明,采用该合成方法可以成功地向玉米秸秆中引入0.98%的巯基官能团,巯基改性玉米秸秆对水体Hg(Ⅱ)的吸附最佳pH为6,吸附能在120min内达到平衡,在285K时对Hg(Ⅱ)的最大吸附量可达80.04mg·g-1.吸附过程是自发的放热过程,可用Langmuir模型描述,其吸附机理可能为络合反应控制的化学吸附.研究表明,巯基改性玉米秸秆是一种对水体Hg(Ⅱ)具有良好吸附能力的生物吸附剂.     

生物膜复合系统脱氮除磷的特征及微生物群落结构分析

试验研究了序批式生物膜复合系统在不同有机负荷下氮磷等营养物质的去除特性.结果表明,复合系统在COD负荷为0.35kg.kg-1.d-1(以MLSS计)时能够很好解决脱氮除磷的泥龄矛盾,TP、TN、NH4+-N去除率分别能达到96%、89%和96%,高于对照组的SBR工艺.复合系统中,悬浮污泥对硝化起主要作用,悬浮态污泥和生物膜的硝化平均贡献比为1.66;附着态生物膜对反硝化和除磷起主要作用,生物膜和悬浮态污泥的反硝化贡献比为2.19,释磷贡献比为3.5,摄磷贡献比为3.76.利用PCR-DGGE技术发现,复合系统中存在丰富的脱氮功能菌和除磷功能菌,且悬浮态与附着态微生物的相似性仅为73%,区别较大,说明两者存在一定的分工协作,与反应器的处理特性相一致.     

Nitrification characteristics of nitrobacteria immobilized in waterborne polyurethane in wastewater of corn-based ethanol fuel production

A technology to achieve stable and high ammonia nitrogen removal rates for corn distillery wastewater (ethanol fuel production) treatment has been designed. The characteristics of nitrifying bacteria entrapped in a waterborne polyurethane (WPU) gel carrier were evaluated after acclimation. In the acclimation period, nitrification rates of WPU-immobilized nitrobacteria were monitored and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was also carried out to investigate the change in ammonium-oxidizing bacteria. The results showed that the pellet nitrification rates increased from 21 to 228 mg-N/(L-pellet. hr) and the quantity of the ammonia oxidation bacteria increased substantially during the acclimation. A continuous ammonia removal experiment with the anaerobic pond effluent of a distillery wastewater system was conducted with immobilized nitrifying bacteria for 30 days using an 80 L airlift reactor with pellets at a fill ratio of 15% (V/V). Under the conditions of 75 mg/L influent ammonia, hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 3.7--5.6 hr, and dissolved oxygen (DO) of 4 mg/L, the effluent ammonia concentration was lower than 10 mg/L and the ammonia removal efficiency was 90%. While the highest ammonia removal rate, 162 mg-N/(L-pellet.hr), was observed when the HRT was 1.3 hr.     

碱处理对玉米秸秆纤维素结构的影响

介绍了在高固含率条件下氢氧化钠(NaOH)和氢氧化钙(Ca(OH))2堆沤处理对玉米秸纤维素结构的影响。分别用2.5%、5%和7.5%(ρ)的NaOH和Ca(OH)2将玉米秸在常温下堆沤处理3 d后,提取其纤维素,采用傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和X射线衍射光谱(XRD)对比研究了处理前后纤维素的结构和结晶度的变化。结果表明碱堆沤处理使玉米秸秆中纤维素的形态结构发生了变化,部分分子间氢键断裂,部分酯键消失,随着碱用量的增加,纤维素结构被破坏的程度越大;纤维素的晶体类型与002面微晶位置虽然没有改变,但是纤维素的结晶度与002面微晶尺寸增大。这些变化表明碱处理能提高玉米秸秆纤维素的可及度和反应性,从而改善厌氧消化性能。其中NaOH较Ca(OH)2表现出更好的纤维素润胀能力和反应性,在处理秸秆提高其厌氧消化产甲烷性能上具有更大的潜力。     

Economic feasibility of autonomous hybrid wind–diesel power systems for residential loads in hot regions: a step to mitigate the implications of fossil fuel depletion

Today, energy occupies a pivotal position around which all socio-economic activities revolve. No energy means no life, and supply of energy in a cheap, plentiful, long-sustainable and environmentally safe form is a boon for everyone. In the light of rising cost of oil and fears of its exhaustion coupled with increased pollution, the governments worldwide are deliberating and making huge strides to promote renewable energy sources such as wind. Integration of wind machines with the diesel plants is pursued widely to reduce dependence on fossil-fuel-produced energy and to reduce the release of carbon gases that cause global climate change. The literature indicates that commercial/residential buildings in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) consume an estimated 10–40% of the total electric energy generated. The aim of this study is to analyse wind-speed data of Dhahran (East-Coast, KSA) to assess the economic feasibility of utilising autonomous hybrid wind–diesel power systems to meet the electrical load of 100 typical residential buildings (with annual electrical energy demand of 3512 MWh). The monthly average wind speeds range from 3.3 to 5.6 m/s. The hybrid systems simulated consist of different combinations of 600 kW commercial wind machines supplemented with diesel generators. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory's hybrid optimisation model for electric renewables software was employed to perform the techno-economic analysis.

The simulation results indicate that for a hybrid system comprising 600 kW wind capacity together with a 1.0 MW diesel system (two 500 kW units), the wind penetration (at 50 m hub-height, with 0% annual capacity shortage) is 26%. The cost of generating energy (COE, $/kWh) from this hybrid wind–diesel system was found to be 0.070 $/kWh (assuming diesel fuel price of 0.1 $/l). The study exhibits that for a given hybrid configuration, the number of operational hours of diesel generator sets (gensets) decreases with an increase in the wind-farm capacity. Concurrently, emphasis has also been placed on wind penetration, un-met load, effect of hub-height on energy production and COE, excess electricity generation, percentage fuel savings and reduction in carbon emissions (relative to diesel-only situation) of different hybrid systems, cost breakdown of wind–diesel systems, COE of different hybrid systems, etc.     

System dynamics modelling of hybrid renewable energy systems and combined heating and power generator

The role of energy in the present world is critical in terms of both economical development and environmental impact. Renewable energy sources are considered essential in addressing these challenges. As a result, a growing number of organisations have been adopting hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) to reduce their environmental impact and sometimes take advantage of various incentives. When a HRES is being planned, the ability to model a HRES can provide an organisation with numerous benefits including the capability of optimising sub-systems, predicting performances and carrying out sensitivity analysis. In this paper, we present a comprehensive system dynamics model of HRES and combined heating and power (CHP) generator. Data from a manufacturing company using HRES and CHP generator are used to validate the model and discuss important findings. The results illustrate that the components of a HRES can have conflicting effects on cost and environmental benefits; thus, there is a need for an organisation to make trade-off decisions. The model can be a platform to further simulate and study the composition and operating strategies of organisations that are venturing to adopt new or additional HRESs.