基于双层规划的应急物资调配研究

为在突发性自然灾害发生后的黄金救援时间内,使各应急物资调配中心的物资在最短时间内高效地运往各受灾点,最大程度地平衡受灾程度不同的受灾点群众对应急物资救援的心理满意度,构建以应急物资救援时间最短为目标的上层模型;通过借鉴前景理论量化受灾群众的心理满意度,在考虑各受灾点对有限应急物资存在竞争关系的基础上,建立下层非合作博弈模型;设计遗传算法求解上层模型、改进粒子群算法求解下层模型的层次混合算法。结果表明:构建的多应急物资调配中心多受灾点的非线性整数双层规划模型,使应急物资的调配具有时效性,且更加客观地衡量各灾点物资调配的公平合理性,该模型为应急物资调配研究提供借鉴与参考。     

Influence of Bioenergy Crop Production and Climate Change on Ecosystem Services

Land use change can significantly affect the provision of ecosystem services and the effects could be exacerbated by projected climate change. We quantify ecosystem services of bioenergy‐based land use change and estimate the potential changes of ecosystem services due to climate change projections. We considered 17 bioenergy‐based scenarios with Miscanthus, switchgrass, and corn stover as candidate bioenergy feedstock. Soil and Water Assessment Tool simulations of biomass/grain yield, hydrology, and water quality were used to quantify ecosystem services freshwater provision (FWPI), food (FPI) and fuel provision, erosion regulation (ERI), and flood regulation (FRI). Nine climate projections from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase‐3 were used to quantify the potential climate change variability. Overall, ecosystem services of heavily row cropped Wildcat Creek watershed were lower than St. Joseph River watershed which had more forested and perennial pasture lands. The provision of ecosystem services for both study watersheds were improved with bioenergy production scenarios. Miscanthus in marginal lands of Wildcat Creek (9% of total area) increased FWPI by 27% and ERI by 14% and decreased FPI by 12% from the baseline. For St. Joseph watershed, Miscanthus in marginal lands (18% of total area) improved FWPI by 87% and ERI by 23% while decreasing FPI by 46%. The relative impacts of land use change were considerably larger than climate change impacts in this paper. Editor's note : This paper is part of the featured series on SWAT Applications for Emerging Hydrologic and Water Quality Challenges. See the February 2017 issue for the introduction and background to the series.     

Assessment of Bioenergy Cropping Scenarios for the Boone River Watershed in North Central Iowa,United States

Several biofuel cropping scenarios were evaluated with an improved version of Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) as part of the CenUSA Bioenergy consortium for the Boone River Watershed (BRW), which drains about 2,370 km² in north central Iowa. The adoption of corn stover removal, switchgrass, and/or Miscanthus biofuel cropping systems was simulated to assess the impact of cellulosic biofuel production on pollutant losses. The stover removal results indicate removal of 20 or 50% of corn stover in the BRW would have negligible effects on streamflow and relatively minor or negligible effects on sediment and nutrient losses, even on higher sloped cropland. Complete cropland conversion into switchgrass or Miscanthus, resulted in reductions of streamflow, sediment, nitrate, and other pollutants ranging between 23‐99%. The predicted nitrate reductions due to Miscanthus adoption were over two times greater compared to switchgrass, with the largest impacts occurring for tile‐drained cropland. Targeting of switchgrass or Miscanthus on cropland ≥2% slope or ≥7% slope revealed a disproportionate amount of sediment and sediment‐bound nutrient reductions could be obtained by protecting these relatively small areas of higher sloped cropland. Overall, the results indicate that all biofuel cropping systems could be effectively implemented in the BRW, with the most robust approach being corn stover removal adopted on tile‐drained cropland in combination with a perennial biofuel crop on higher sloped landscapes. Editor's note : This paper is part of the featured series on SWAT Applications for Emerging Hydrologic and Water Quality Challenges. See the February 2017 issue for the introduction and background to the series.     

利用玉米浸泡液制备苏云金杆菌生物杀虫剂

以玉米淀粉生产过程中的浸泡液作为原料培养基,在5L发酵罐中培养苏云金杆菌生物杀虫剂,并以常规黄豆粉培养基为对照,考察了苏云金杆菌在玉米浸泡液中的生长代谢状况(包括菌体形态、菌数增长与芽孢形成)以及48h发酵液的生物毒效.研究表明,无需添加其它成分及前处理,玉米浸泡液所含营养成分即可满足苏云金杆菌生长需求,其培养的总活菌数及芽孢数在27h可达最大值1.51 ×109CFU·mL-1和1.41×109CFU·mL-1,分别比常规培养基高出59%和85%,芽孢形成与晶体释放提前约9～12h;36h扫描电镜(SEM)观察表明,发酵36h浸泡液中大部分芽孢囊已经自溶,游离出卵圆形芽孢与菱形的晶体;而此时常规培养基正处于芽孢形成后期,只有极少数的游离晶体与芽孢;48h发酵终点的生物毒效结果显示,以浸泡液为培养基的苏云金杆菌发酵液毒效(891.51 IU·μL-1)比常规培养基高89%.本试验为浸泡液的再利用提供了一条崭新的途径,同时降低了杀虫剂的生产成本.     

复合生物反应器中两相微生物硝化特性比较

采用间歇式复合生物反应器处理人工配制的氨氮废水,进水ＮＨ３－Ｎ浓度约为１６０ｍｇ／Ｌ,ＨＲＴ为１２ｈ,ＳＲＴ 为０ｄ,Ｎｖ可达０．１５ｇ（Ｌ．ｄ）。重点比较了反应器中附着相和悬浮相微生物的硝化特性。     

MBR复合工艺膜污染及其清洗特征

采用“A＋（A／O）n＋MBR”复合工艺,在次临界通量条件下,考察了膜污染发展及清洗特性。试验发现,膜污染随运行时间的变化呈现出阶段性上升的特征,即经过初期缓慢发展和中期较快发展后,出现了膜污染的急剧增加。电镜及能谱分析表明,膜面污染物主要包括沉积于膜面的大量污泥絮体、附着于膜面的致密凝胶层和一些由Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋等离子形成的堵塞和吸附于膜孔的无机垢粒。膜清洗及阻力表明,自来水冲洗可使泥饼层大部分脱落,泥饼层对膜污染阻力贡献最大,达到60.71％;NaClO清洗对凝胶层的去除效果显著,有机污染对膜污染阻力为31.44％;HCl清洗去除的无机垢粒对膜污染贡献率仅为7.85％。     

厌氧颗粒污泥启动复合式厌氧折流板反应器的研究

研究以厌氧颗粒污泥接种的复合式厌氧折流板反应器(HABR)启动：在HABR中直接接种厌氧颗粒污泥,以退浆废水为试验进水,在系统水力停留时间为168 h,中温(32±1) ℃,进水pH值6.5～8,碱度适当偏高条件下,进入反应器废水COD浓度由1 800 mg/L逐渐提高到13 520 mg/L,运行60 d后系统COD去除率最低为45%,并且保持稳定,出水pH值和碱度相对比较稳定,污泥明显呈颗粒状,反应器启动完成。反应器可以在短时间内重新启动,污泥活性很快得到恢复。     

1980-2009年期间黑龙江省玉米低温冷害年判定

将黑龙江省玉米种植区分为东、西、南、北、中5个区域,并在5个区域中选取24个气象站作为研究对象,利用逐日气象资料和玉米发育期资料,考虑玉米各发育阶段对温度的不同需求,建立具有气象、农学和生物学意义的玉米低温冷害综合指标。结果表明:1980-2009年间,黑龙江省共发生了14次玉米低温冷害,其中1987年冷害严重;以每10年进行比较,冷害的发生频次和程度都呈下降趋势。近30年来,冷害程度具有明显的区域差异,北部重于中部,中部重于南部;冷害频次上呈现北部最多,中部次之,南部最少的特点。     

水解酸化-改良UASB工艺处理玉米酒精废水

采用一种新的工艺技术方法即水解酸化-改良UASB工艺处理玉米酒精废水。结果表明,在改良UASB运行60 d顺利启动完成后,进水COD在5 470～7 910 mg/L之间,TN在70～107 mg/L之间,TP在115～187 mg/L之间,SS在864～1 490 mg/L之间的条件下,水解酸化对COD和SS的去除率分别达50%和51%,NH3-N经过水解酸化后升高。改良UASB对COD的去除率达80%,对NH3-N、TN和TP也有一定去除,去除率分别为12%、17%和20%,经过水解酸化及改良UASB处理利于后续好氧处理。     

植物作为反硝化碳源

研究得到一种新型的筛选反硝化碳源的方法:可以通过比较材料浸出液的C/N值,筛选出有效的反硝化碳源;对芦苇秸秆、梧桐黄叶、梧桐绿叶、橘树叶、玉米秸秆和玉米芯6种材料浸出液的C/N值进行了研究,其中当以叶片作为反硝化固相碳源时,应该选取新鲜叶片作为研究对象。橘树叶和玉米芯均属于良好的反硝化碳源。以驯化后的河泥作为反硝化污泥,可以利用橘树叶或者玉米芯作为反硝化固相碳源,进行持续脱氮除磷反应,其中橘树叶脱氮效果强于玉米芯,而玉米芯除磷能力强于橘树叶。扫描电镜实验表明,橘树叶和玉米芯均适合作为生物膜载体。