考虑环保效益的混合产品提供策略稳定性研究

当前,中国制造产业面临污染能耗大、全球竞争优势递减、人口红利消失、产品日趋同质化和客户需求日益个性化等产业困境。随着《中国制造2025》对服务型制造理念的推动,以实物产品为载体,衍生与产品相匹配的服务,并与产品构成“混合产品”来解决客户问题的观点逐渐被诸多企业认同和实践。在混合产品提供过程中,考虑到节约资源、保护环境和预防污染,以及生产者责任延伸制下的政府约束,制造企业能否通过调整混合产品提供策略以削减上述顾虑并落实生产者责任延伸制的要求?本文在耦合生产者责任延伸制和混合产品理论的基础上,发现考虑环保效益的混合产品策略主要受政府、制造企业和客户决策行为的影响,籍此,构建了“政府-企业-客户”三方演化博弈模型,探讨各主体采取不同行为决策时策略的演化路径,并以共享电动汽车为例,验证本文模型,得到一些发现:客户支付意愿能促进策略实现,但促进作用边际递减,为此要求企业服务衍生把握深度和广度,并强调政府引导供需交互的重要性;策略稳定性受制造企业间接收益影响,而服务和环境元素对间接受益的影响更为显著;制造企业服务衍生和客户支付行为之间存在意愿平衡点,为政府制定适度性的扶持政策提供参考;潜在损失的增加促使企业和客户积极参与考虑环保效益的混合产品提供策略;政府参与度的增加促进客户价值创造效用边际递增。研究结论为制造企业在生产者责任延伸制下合理地提供混合产品,政府引导市场客户与激励制造企业方面的政策制定,客户对混合产品消费观念的重塑提供了建议与理论指导。     

Levellised electricity cost for wind and PV–diesel hybrid system in Oman at selected sites

Solar and wind energy data available for Oman indicate that these two resources are likely to play an important role in the future energy generation in this country. In this paper, a model is designed to assess wind and solar power cost per kWh of energy produced using different sizes of wind machines and photovoltaic (PV) panels at two sites in Oman, which then can be generalised for other locations in Oman. Hourly values of wind speed and solar radiation recorded for several years are used for these locations. The wind profiles from Thumrait and Masirah island are modelled using the Weibull distribution. The cost of wind-based energy is calculated for both locations using different sizes of turbines. Furthermore, this paper presents a study carried out to investigate the economics of using PV only and PV with battery as an energy fuel saver in two villages. The results show that the PV energy utilisation is an attractive option with an energy cost of the selected PV ranges between 0.128 and 0.144 $/kWh at 7.55% discount rate compared to an operating cost of 0.128–0.558 $\kWh for diesel generation, considering the capital cost of diesel units as sunk.     

A study on the design of a hybrid policy for carbon abatement

A necessary way to mitigate global warming is carbon reduction, which the international community is now actively promoting. China has committed a target goal for carbon reduction to the international society, and has devoted a great effort toward researching the impact of related policies. Carbon taxation and carbon trading are the two main mechanisms to advocate carbon abatement, which many countries have been using. Each of these two mechanisms possesses advantages and disadvantages, and an appropriate combination of them can make best use of their advantages while bypassing their disadvantages, creating a superior mechanism. In our opinion, the main differences between these two mechanisms are that carbon taxation has a lower institution cost (consisting of the related infrastructural investment and the regulation cost, etc), and is easier to operate, but lacks the flexibility in response to variations of market conditions. However, this flexibility is just the origin of risk, which increases the difficulty for firms in their decision of carbon abatement and is an indirect way to incentivize carbon abatement, compared to carbon trading, which has a more direct effect in carbon reduction. Based on the above observation, we present a hybrid mechanism of carbon abatement, which is an organized combination of carbon taxation and carbon trading. It consists of two parts: first, the carbon taxation, which has a progressive tax rate, second, the carbon trading. Small firms will only pay the carbon tax, while large firms, will first need to get the initial carbon emission quotas by some way, and then trade it in the carbon market if necessary. For firms with extra emissions, they will receive a punishment according to a high carbon tax rate. This hybrid policy considers the equity between different firms in carbon emission rights as well as the efficiency of the mechanism while decreasing the risk level for firms in the carbon emission decision, making it superior to the two previous policies. We also analyze the feasibility of this hybrid policy in China, address some important issues in the implementation of this hybrid policy in China and present the relevant suggestions. The discussion in this paper can serve as a reference to the government in the decision of carbon policies.     

Green energy for the battlefield

Population of the world is growing with increasing rate and it seems that existing fossil fuel energy sources will not be able to meet energy demand in the near future. Energy is not only crucial for civil sector but also it is one of the most important assets in defense sector. Energy for military operations is mostly provided from fossil fuel as it is the case in other sectors; however, fossil fuels have hazardous effects to the environment and cause global environment concerns. These drawbacks of fossil fuels are also valid for battlefield. Furthermore, transportation of fossil fuels causes extra safety and logistics problems in military case. In this study, we developed a hybrid green energy solution with wind, solar, and batteries together to minimize or eliminate the fossil fuel demand for the battlefield. Results of our algorithm are superior to the already used diesel generator solution from the point of view of cost and various other aspects. The novelty of our study stems from applying optimization of hybrid green energy solution to military case with battlefield constraints.     

Thermoeconomic installation limit of PV/WT hybrid energy systems for Off-grid islands

An ideal off-grid island can become 100% energy-sufficient if one installs renewable energy systems such as solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbine (WT) systems. However, the intermittent and uncertain nature of the power supply from renewable energy systems hinders a 100% autonomy level (AL) without an infinite energy storage capacity. The thermoeconomic installation limit (TEIL) of a PV/WT hybrid energy system was studied using hourly weather data and the energy demand profile for off-grid islands. An appropriate battery size for the TEIL was also determined. Given the current installation cost of the hybrid energy system and the battery unit, the AL for a PV/WT hybrid energy system at the TEIL is calculated to be approximately 70%. Above the limit, the size of the energy storage unit and, correspondingly, the total annual cost of the PV/WT hybrid energy system increase sharply.     

ABR+复合人工湿地处理分散性生活污水的中试研究

研究了ABR+复合人工湿地组合工艺处理分散性生活污水的运行效能及ABR中颗粒污泥的特性。结果表明:在pH和温度的范围分别为6.5～8.5,17.0～28.8℃,ABR和复合人工湿地的HRT分别为3 h(容积负荷平均为1.3 kgCOD/(m3.d)及1.3 d(水力负荷平均为24.6 cm/d)的条件下,系统对COD、NH4+-N、TN、TP和浊度均有较好的去除效果,其平均去除率分别为76%、69%、56%、87%和86%,出水浓度平均分别为37 mg/L、2.73 mg/L、6.93 mg/L、0.18 mg/L和5.05 NTU,ABR中形成了性状良好的颗粒污泥。     

Challenging established narratives on soil erosion and shifting cultivation in Laos

The official environmental discourse in Laos describes a “chain of degradation” stretching from upland shifting cultivation, increased runoff and soil erosion to the siltation of wetlands and reservoirs. This perspective has had wide‐ranging impacts on rural development policy which, in the uplands, has long favoured forest conservation over agriculture. Integrating soil erosion and water sediment data with local perceptions of land degradation in an upland village of northern Laos, this study tests the validity of the official environmental discourse. Biophysical measurements made in a small agricultural catchment indicate a significant correlation between the spatial extent of cultivation and soil erosion rates. However, sediment yields recorded at the outlet of the catchment highlight relatively low levels of off‐site sediment exportation. Furthermore, farmers' perceptions suggest that local land degradation issues and crop yield declines could be less related to soil erosion than to agricultural land shortage, increased weed competition, and fertility losses resulting from the intensification of shifting cultivation. The study concludes that a better understanding and management of land degradation issues can be achieved by developing more inclusive and scientifically‐informed approaches to environmental perceptions and narratives.     

水力负荷和回流比对前置反硝化BAF系统处理玉米青贮液的影响

采用前置反硝化BAF系统处理玉米青贮液,在前期实验的基础上重点考察了水力负荷和回流比对COD、NH3-N、TN的去除效果。结果表明,前置反硝化BAF系统处理玉米青贮渗出液有着良好的除碳脱氮效果;在气水比为2：1、水力负荷2．60m3／（m2·h）、回流比为300％的条件下COD、NH3-N、TN的去除率分别达到89．6％、84．5％和81．3％;出水浓度分别为22．36、16．28和22．81mg／L;水力负荷影响着系统内生物膜的更新速度、生物膜的厚度以及水的剪切力大小;回流比对该系统脱氮性能有着重要影响,当回流比从50％提高到300％时TN去除率显著提高,从42．3％增加到81．3％,增加了39．0％。     

玉米秸与鸡粪混合厌氧消化产气性能与协同作用

研究了玉米秸与鸡粪在不同混合比例条件下的厌氧消化产气性能和协同作用效果。设计了9种玉米秸与鸡粪的混合比例(1∶0、1∶1、1∶2、1∶3、1∶4、2∶1、3∶1、4∶1、0∶1),每种比例分别在3个不同负荷(50、65和80 g/L)下进行混合厌氧消化。结果表明,与未预处理玉米秸与鸡粪混合厌氧消化相比,NaOH预处理玉米秸与鸡粪混合厌氧消化的单位TS产气量提高了5.5%～62%。当预处理玉米秸与鸡粪的混合比例为1∶2、上料负荷为50 g/L时消化产气性能最好,此时的累积甲烷产量达到19 488 mL,比相同负荷下单一玉米秸厌氧消化的累积甲烷产量高出32.6%,比单一鸡粪厌氧消化的累积甲烷产量高出11.4%。混合厌氧消化协同作用的贡献率达到7.1%～17.7%,其中玉米秸与鸡粪的比例为1∶2时,其贡献率与其他比例相比高出25%～150%。可以为粪草混合原料厌氧消化提供设计和运行依据。     

籼粳杂种不育突变体91FS育性特征和RAPD及RFLP分析

91FS是一个稳定遗传的籼粳杂种水稻新型不育突变体,育性特征表现为,雌雄配子和受精过程正常,约25%的受精卵发育成胚,约75%的受精卵终止发育,与91FS群体约25%的结实率吻合,而且六代保持不变;91FS的RAPD和RFLP的谱带六代保持稳定和一致,与91FS的杂种性状和育性表达的稳定性也是吻合的;91FS与籼粳杂种可育材料91FM和以91FS为父本的杂交F