The use of best management practices to respond to externalities from developing shale gas resources

The public is concerned that activities accompanying hydraulic fracturing in the development of shale gas resources are unnecessarily adversely affecting them and the environment and is petitioning elected representatives to take actions to reduce risks. The health risks associated with fracturing chemicals and air pollutants are relatively unknown and constitute the impetus for public concern. An evaluation of state legal and regulatory provisions regarding best management practices discloses that states are not adopting timely regulations to protect people and the environment from activities accompanying hydraulic fracturing. Simultaneously, regulatory policy concerning negative externalities suggests that governments underinvest in the protection of human health and environmental quality. Governments have choices in protecting people from dangers that accompany shale gas development. Due to the risks of injuries and unpaid damages from shale gas development, governmental policies need to evolve to accord people greater health protection.     

Eco‐hydraulic Evaluation of a Whitewater Park as a Fish Passage Barrier

Whitewater parks (WWPs) typically consist of instream structures that enhance recreational boating by constricting flow into a steep chute that generates a hydraulic jump in a downstream pool. Concerns have been raised that high velocities resulting from WWPs may be inhibiting fish movement during critical life stages. We evaluated the effects of WWPs on upstream fish passage by concurrently monitoring fish movement and hydraulic conditions at three WWP structures and three adjacent natural control (CR) sites in a wadeable river in northern Colorado. Fish movement was tracked with a network of Passive Integrated Transponder antennas over a 14‐month period. Individual fishes (n = 1,639), including brown trout (Salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), were tagged and released within WWP and CR sites. Detailed hydraulic conditions occurring during the study period were evaluated with a fully 3D model. Results reveal the WWPs monitored in this study are not a complete barrier to upstream salmonid movement, but differences in passage efficiency from release location range from 29 to 44% in WWP sites and 37 to 63% for CR sites and the suppression of movement is related to body length. Small numbers of monitored nonsalmonids were inadequate to directly observe effects on their movement; however, it is highly probable that movement of smaller native fishes is also suppressed. Hydraulic modeling helps in the design of WWP structures that protect fish passage.     

高水力负荷下垂直流人工湿地净化景观水的研究

目前人工湿地普遍占地面积较大,使其在景观水处理中的应用受到限制,针对这一问题,构建实验水池模拟人工湖,构建高效垂直流人工湿地,对其在高水力负荷下净化劣Ⅴ类富营养化池水进行了研究.结果表明,湿地系统在1.64 m3/(m2·d)和3.28 m3/(m2·d)的高水力负荷下净化池水均取得了良好效果,水力负荷提高到5.74 m3/(m2·d),湿地出现了一定程度的堵塞,净化效果相对较差.本实验系统净化池水的最佳水力负荷为3.28 m3/(m2·d),该水力条件下系统对浊度、CODCr、NH 4-N、TP的平均去除率分别为64.9%、41.0%、24.7%、58.5%.     

红枫水库和普定水库碳、磷、硅生源要素时空分布特征

选取了营养盐浓度和水体滞留时间存在明显差异的普定水库和红枫水库作为研究对象,通过对两个水库碳、磷、硅生源要素时空变化的分析,揭示了河流筑坝水库营养盐时空分布的主要影响因素。分析结果显示：普定水库表层水体溶解性无机碳(DIC)、总磷(TP)、溶解性总磷(DTP)和溶解性硅(DSi)大体上均表现出冬季较高、夏季较低的变化趋势;而在垂向分布上,除冬季外,其他三个季节均表现出表层水体较低、底层水体较高的趋势。红枫水库DIC变化趋势与普定水库类似。而红枫水库TP和DTP大致表现为冬夏季偏低、春秋季偏高;由于浓度较低,各个季节垂向变化趋势均不明显。夏季红枫水库底部水体DSi显著高于表层水体,而其他三个季节DSi在垂向剖面上波动较小。两水库表层水体DIC与叶绿素a(Chla)呈负相关,且夏季普定水库和红枫水库表层水体DIC稳定碳同位素(δ¹³C_DIC)显著高于底层,而DIC则表层水体显著低于底层水体。综合分析结果表明,浮游植物光合作用是影响普定水库和红枫水库碳、磷、硅生源要素时空分布的最主要因素。营养盐水平较高、水体滞留时间较短的普定水库,其Chla低于营...     

HRT对CO2-MBfR去除高SO42-废水中NO3--N的影响

针对含NO₃^--N与较高浓度SO₄^2-实际工业废水处理较难的问题,考察了不同水力停留时间（HRT）下连续运行的CO₂-氢基质膜生物膜反应器（CO₂-MBfR）处理模拟废水和实际工业废水的性能,结果表明,2种废水的出水NO₃^--N浓度均随着HRT的减小而增大,模拟废水中NO₃^--N的处理效果和电子通量分配比例均优于实际废水,但其电子通量分配的格局基本不变：NO₃^--N和SO₄^2-的电子通量分别在90.09%~97.49%和2.51%~9.91%左右.要实现实际废水总氮达到15mg/L的排放标准,需维持HRT不少于10.4h.     

排水沟渠炉渣与底泥对水中氮、磷截留效应

通过等温热力学吸附实验,将炉渣、炉渣+30%底泥、排水沟渠底泥对水中氨氮的去除效果进行比较,并采用Langmuir等温吸附方程对3种基质吸附氨氮、磷酸盐的量进行拟合;通过动力学实验,比较3种基质吸附速率.结果表明,炉渣、炉渣+30%底泥、排水沟渠底泥对氨氮的最大吸附量分别为0.49,1.03,1.75mg/g,对磷酸盐的最大吸附量分别为0.99,2.33,1.88mg/g;4h内基质吸附氨氮速率分别为:0.10,0.11,0.54mg/(g·h),2h内基质吸附磷酸盐速率分别为:0.048,0.051,0.096mg/(g·h).由于沟渠底泥较为松散、遇水冲刷易流失,故选择炉渣作为沟渠基质坝的填充物.基质坝能够减缓渠水流速,延长渠水的水力停留时间(HRT).     

水力负荷对生物滤池中蚯蚓抗氧化酶和消化酶活性的影响

通过工况试验考察了不同水力负荷条件对生物滤池中蚯蚓的抗氧化酶（超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶）和消化酶（纤维素酶、碱性磷酸酶）活性的影响.结果表明,蚯蚓体内抗氧化酶和消化酶活性对水力负荷胁迫的响应不同.在2.4～6.7 m³·(m²·d)^-1的水力负荷条件下,蚯蚓体内的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性随水力负荷的增大而增强,蚯蚓通过自身抗氧化系统的协调作用来抵御外界环境胁迫,在各工况条件下均能生存.蚯蚓体内消化酶活性和其消化能力、滤池污泥减量和稳定化效果具有很好的相关性(p<0.05).水力负荷为4.8 m³·(m²·d)^-1时,蚯蚓具有较高的碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和纤维素酶(FP)活性,消化率（41.47%）显著高于其他工况,污泥减量率、污泥有机质分解率均达到最高值,分别为48.2%、 65.5%.高水力负荷［≥6.0 m³·(m²·d)^-1］对蚯蚓体内AKP、FP活性抑制较显著,污泥的代谢水平受到影响,污泥减量率和有机质分解率均有一定程度下降,不利于蚯蚓生态功效的发挥.综合蚯蚓抗氧化酶及消化酶的响应结果,蚯蚓生物滤池运行水力负荷不宜超过6.0 m³·(m²·d)^-1.     

厌氧迁移式污泥床反应器的水力特性研究

采用脉冲示踪法以NH4Cl作示踪剂,通过其在反应器中的停留时间分布来研究厌氧迁移式污泥床反应器(AMBR)的水力特性。反应器的结构决定了反应器的流态,从而控制着可能达到的处理效率。为优化设计反应器结构研究了反应器的构型、导流板与器壁间距对水力特性的影响。研究发现,反应器的流态介于推流式和完全混合式之间,带有导流板的反应器推流程度更大一些,而底部有孔的反应器推流程度弱,反应器的水力死区较小,均小于20%;导流板与器壁间距为8 mm时最佳。     

水力压裂诱发断层活化失稳概率分析

为评估非常规油气开采过程水力压裂诱发断层活化失稳风险,基于新库仑稳定函数,通过编程求解诱震概率,分析不同诱因下断层稳定性和失稳风险.结果表明:孔隙弹性剪应力、孔隙压力和差异压实共同作用,是断层活化失稳重要诱因.当孔隙弹性剪应力介于6～10 MPa时,断层失稳概率高达68.9％,其增幅率越大,诱发远区断层失稳风险越高.孔...     

基于能量中值等效原理的液压鼓胀毫微测试技术研究

目的 基于液压鼓胀毫微测试技术获取材料单轴拉伸力学性能参数.方法 借助能量中值等效原理和有限元辅助测试方法,提出了获取材料单轴拉伸力学性能的液压鼓胀毫微测试理论.结合小圆片试样液压鼓胀试验,获取了压水反应堆机组蒸汽发生器接管材料20MND5的屈服应力和应变强化指数.将其输入有限元,进而模拟小圆片试样液压鼓胀加载的全过程...