Enhancing Hyrdological Simulation Program – FORTRAN Model Channel Hydraulic Representation1

Abstract: The hydrological simulation program – FORTRAN (HSPF) is a comprehensive watershed model that employs depth‐area‐volume‐flow relationships known as the hydraulic function table (FTABLE) to represent the hydraulic characteristics of stream channel cross‐sections and reservoirs. An accurate FTABLE determination for a stream cross‐section site requires an accurate determination of mean flow depth, mean flow width, roughness coefficient, longitudinal bed slope, and length of stream reach. A method that uses regional regression equations to estimate mean flow depth, mean flow width, and roughness coefficient is presented herein. FTABLES generated by the proposed method (Alternative Method) and FTABLES generated by Better Assessment Science Integrating Point and Nonpoint Sources (BASINS) were compared. As a result, the Alternative Method was judged to be an enhancement over the BASINS method. First, the Alternative Method employs a spatially variable roughness coefficient, whereas BASINS employs an arbitrarily selected spatially uniform roughness coefficient. Second, the Alternative Method uses mean flow width and mean flow depth estimated from regional regression equations whereas BASINS uses mean flow width and depth extracted from the National Hydrography Dataset (NHD). Third, the Alternative Method offers an option to use separate roughness coefficients for the in‐channel and floodplain sections of compound channels. Fourth, the Alternative Method has higher resolution in the sense that area, volume, and flow data are calculated at smaller depth intervals than the BASINS method. To test whether the Alternative Method enhances channel hydraulic representation over the BASINS method, comparisons of observed and simulated streamflow, flow velocity, and suspended sediment were made for four test watersheds. These comparisons revealed that the method used to estimate the FTABLE has little influence on hydrologic calibration, but greatly influences hydraulic and suspended sediment calibration. The hydrologic calibration results showed that observed versus simulated daily streamflow comparisons had Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiencies ranging from 0.50 to 0.61 and monthly comparisons had efficiencies ranging from 0.61 to 0.84. Comparisons of observed and simulated suspended sediments concentrations had model efficiencies ranging from 0.48 to 0.56 for the daily, and 0.28 to 0.70 for the monthly comparisons. The overall results of the hydrological, hydraulic, and suspended sediment concentration comparisons show that the Alternative Method yielded a relatively more accurate FTABLE than the BASINS method. This study concludes that hydraulic calibration enhances suspended sediment simulation performance, but even greater improvement in suspended sediment calibration can be achieved when hydrological simulation performance is improved. Any improvements in hydrological simulation performance are subject to improvements in the temporal and spatial representation of the precipitation data.     

SELECTED METHODS OF AQUIFER TEST ANALYSIS1

Changes in groundwater levels due to a well discharging at a constant rate are used with various formulas to determine hydraulic properties of aquifers and their confining bed and to detect the presence of aquifer boundaries. These formulas are generally solved by graphical methods.     

Hydraulic characteristics of an anaerobic ba ed reactor as onsite wastewater treatment system

The feasibility of using anaerobic ba ed reactor (ABR) as onsite wastewater treatment system was discussed. The ABR consisted of one sedimentation chamber and three up-flow chambers in series was experimented under di erent peak flow factors (PFF of 1 to 6), superficial gas velocities (between 0.6 and 3.1 cm/hr) and hydraulic retention times (HRT) (24, 36 and 48 hr). Residence time distribution (RTD) analyses were carried out to investigate the hydraulic characteristics of the ABR. It was found that the PFF resulted in hydraulic dead space. The dead space did not exceed 13% at PFF of 1, 2 and 4 while there was 2-fold increase (26%) at PFF of 6. Superficial gas velocities did not result in more (biological) dead space. The mixing pattern of ABR tended to be a completelymixed reactor when PFF increased. Superficial gas velocities did not a ect mixing pattern. The e ects of PFF on mixing pattern could be minimized by higher HRT (48 hr). The tank-in-series (TIS) model (N = 4) was suitable to describe the hydraulic behaviour of the studied system. The HRT of 48 hr was able to maintain the mixing pattern under di erent flow patterns, introducing satisfactory hydraulic e ciency. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS) removals under all flow patterns were achieved more than 85% and 90%, respectively. The standard deviation of e uent COD and TSS concentration did not exceed 15 mg/L.     

CASS工艺水力停留时间的实验研究

结合姜堰市城市生活污水处理厂运行,对CASS工艺中水力停留时间对COD、TN和NH3-N去除率的影响进行了探讨。通过运行工况和进水水质的改变试验,以积累大量的试验运行数据和实际处理效果,探讨水力停留时间对去除率的影响,确定适宜的水力停留时间。实验研究表明,水力停留时间控制在18h比较适宜,这样既经济又可以获得较稳定的处理效果。     

改良型装配式人工湿地处理北京市城乡结合部污水的研究

适当的水力条件是实现人工湿地处理目标和正常运行的基本保证。人工湿地水力停留时间较长是最为突出的一个问题,它直接导致了系统处理能力偏小。针对这个问题,本文采用改良型装配式人工湿地,进行了停留时间的试验研究。结果表明,在停留时间为4 d的条件下,COD的平均去除率为87.54%,NH4+-N的平均去除率为37.08%,TN的平均去除率为31.9%。     

海洋环境下飞机液压系统水污染问题研究

通过水污染危害实例和外军水污染对比试验资料,提出了重视海洋环境下飞机液压系统水污染问题的必要性。分析了水污染的作用机理,重点研究了水分监测、水污染净化和防护等几个关键问题,为飞机液压系统水污染监控和净化提供了有益的借鉴。     

水位变动对库区边坡稳定性的影响机理研究

利用数值模拟手段,对选定的库区边坡进行稳定性分析,得到了不同水位变动情况下的边坡稳定情况。认为水位的变动类型和变动率会对边坡的稳定造成影响,但影响效果不一样。从数学解析角度出发,推导出了库区水位上升与下降时,水力梯度与水流渗透方向、边坡倾斜角度三者之间较为理想化的关系形式。在此基础上,对边坡体内不同部位的水流情况以及所带来的影响进行了分析。进一步的,还从有效应力的角度,对水位变动影响边坡稳定性的机理进行了研究,且由不同方法所得的结论能够较好的相互印证。     

反冲洗措施改善垂直潜流人工湿地水力特性的研究

人工湿地污水处理工程中难以解决的问题之一是湿地基质堵塞,本研究尝试用反冲洗措施解决此问题。采用不同反冲洗方案研究了反冲洗措施对人工湿地堵塞程度的改善效果,同时分析了反冲洗措施对垂直潜流人工湿地污染物去除效果的改变和水力特性的影响。结果表明,反冲洗措施对解决垂直潜流人工湿地的堵塞有明显地改善;人工湿地发生淤堵使COD去除率下降,反冲洗后随着实际水力停留时间的延长,COD去除率较反冲洗前有所提高;在几种反冲洗方案中,气水联合反冲洗方案在单位面积流量为8～10 L(/m.2s),反冲洗时间为5~7 min时反冲洗效果最好。     

水平潜流人工湿地COD去除回归方程的建立及应用

目前对于人工湿地的研究大部分仅局限于单个湿地,其结果缺乏广泛代表性.为考察水平潜流人工湿地对于生活污水中主要污染物指标COD的去除率,建立更为详细的人工湿地回归方程,用以指导人工湿地设计,本研究按照＂黑箱模型＂理论,将所搜集的1500多组数据按照季节、水力负荷、种植植物类型以及气候类型分类,分析不同因素对于人工湿地去除...     

臭氧催化氧化处理压裂废液的实验研究

针对压裂废液黏度高、COD浓度高等特点,研究了一种以絮凝-臭氧催化氧化为主的压裂废液深度处理技术,对絮凝剂加量、助凝剂加量、臭氧加量、反应时间、pH等条件进行了优化,得出了压裂废液处理最佳工艺条件;处理后水质达到GB 8979-1996二级指标。