黄土丘陵区小流域不同整地措施长期影响下的土壤水力学特性

水分是维持旱区生态系统健康与可持续性的关键因子.整地措施能够重塑地表微地形,利于旱区雨水收集、侵蚀防控和促进植被恢复,整地长期影响下的土壤水力学性质是本文的研究重点.以定西龙滩流域为研究区,通过野外采样与室内实验相结合,分析植被恢复过程中典型整地措施(鱼鳞坑、反坡台)的土壤水分时空分布、土壤水分特征曲线和水分常数,并辅以自然坡面为对照定量评价工程措施的土壤水力学特性.结果表明:(1)整地可以有效提高土壤水分含量.整地后土壤水分体积分数平均提高1.883%,相比自然坡面高出了22.62%.反坡台和鱼鳞坑整地后,土壤水分含量分别提高了29.69%和15.55%.(2)与对照相比,鱼鳞坑和反坡台的饱和含水量分别提高了7.52%和4.24%,有效水含量分别提高了4.74%和11.40%,整地措施能够提高土壤持水力和供水力,改善土壤水力学性质.(3)整地措施对表层土壤持水能力和供水能力的影响较深层大,与对照相比,鱼鳞坑和反坡台表层土壤(0~20 cm)有效水分提高了38.75%和23.84%,而深层(60~80 cm)有效水分与自然坡面差异只有3.34%和3.85%;土壤水分差异也随着土层深度而减少.本研究定量评价了不同整地方式和自然坡面的土壤水分特性,其结果期望为脆弱生态系统植被恢复和水土资源管理提供科学依据.     

页岩气开发过程中存在的环境问题及对策

我国正处于页岩气开发的试验期,页岩气开发会带来水资源紧缺、水和土壤污染及甲烷泄漏等环境污染问题,因此,分析页岩气开发带来的环境问题并制定应对措施十分必要。文章详细分析了页岩气开发过程中可能引起的一系列问题,并结合我国页岩气开发实际情况提出了解决对策,希望能为我国页岩气的开发提供一定的参考。     

水力负荷对3种滤料生物挂膜和溶解无机氮去除效果的初步研究

以人工模拟海水养殖废水为处理对象,探讨了PE(聚乙烯)环、珊瑚石和PP(聚丙烯)方便面净水板3种生物滤料对氨氮的吸附性能,获得了动态吸附的穿透曲线。研究了3种滤料的生物挂膜情况以及挂膜成熟后在不同水力负荷下的净水效果。结果表明,珊瑚石滤料的挂膜成熟时间明显短于PE和PP材质的滤料,生物膜厚度与水流流速呈负相关。水力负荷对3种滤料生物滤器的净水效果有显著影响,当水力负荷为19～51 m3/(m2.h)时,生物滤器对TAN、TOC和NO2--N有较为理想的去除效果。     

新型大采高钻采法采煤机工业试验及工作面安全监测研究

国内外尚没有一种很好地适应厚煤层中小型矿井短壁开采的采煤工艺和综采设备,晋城煤业集团研制的新型高效一次采全高钻采法采煤机及其配套设备可解决这一难题。将新型采煤机在大采高综采工作面进行了工业试验,结果表明,首创"采内放外"采煤工艺的新型钻采法采煤机,具有先进性、低耗能性,经济高效。工作面矿压实测结果表明:工作面老顶为II级老顶,来压显现明显;回采期间,巷道支护效果良好;液压支架工作阻力具有良好的安全储备,能够有效地控制顶板,保证工作面安全,为新型采煤机的安全开采提供设备支持;新型采煤机安全高效开采表明其具有广阔应用前景。     

穿层水力冲孔措施在低透煤层中有效影响半径效果考察

为研究水力冲孔措施下煤层瓦斯高效抽采钻孔合理布置参数,提高煤层瓦斯抽采效率,以平煤十三矿己15-17-13051工作面为例,对水力冲孔有效影响半径进行效果考察。通过布置多组试验钻孔,分别对水力冲孔措施前后钻孔瓦斯浓度、瓦斯流量数据进行综合考察,结果表明:水力冲孔措施增大了煤层透气性系数,高效提升了煤层瓦斯抽采率,执行冲孔措施后瓦斯浓度最低可提高至2.05倍、瓦斯纯流量增至2.56倍以上,采用瓦斯流量法确定了己15-17煤层水力冲孔措施实际有效影响半径为4.8~5.9 m,对于指导煤层瓦斯抽采钻孔合理布置具有指导性意义。     

对内循环厌氧(IC)反应器的探讨

IC反应器是在UASB反应器的基础上发展起来的第3代厌氧反应器,它具有效率高、能耗低、投资少、占地省等优掌。详细分析了IC反应器的一些特性,并介绍了一种由我国研究者自行研制开发的内循环厌氧反应器——多级内循环厌氧（MIC）反应器。     

基于多组并联控制的高层建筑遇险循环链梯研究

为了解决居住在高层建筑中的人们遇险后安全疏散的问题,研究出一种新颖的无动力链梯逃逸系统。在没有电力资源的情况下,既要解决循环链梯缓降速度,实现平滑控制的问题,又要解决系统长期处于闲置状态,而不影响其可靠性的问题。提出了循环链梯缓降速度多组并联控制的方案;采用液压式并联控制机构,很好地解决了链梯缓降速度的平滑控制及其可靠性的问题;并成功地研制出循环链梯的试验装置,经实际的性能测试表明,具有启动负荷小、运行平稳、工作可靠的特点。     

Physical Modelling of Urban Roughness using Arrays of Regular Roughness Elements

The aerodynamic behaviour of large urbanagglomerations must be represented in increasingly greaterdetail, as large-scale numerical weather prediction and airpollution dispersion models are refined. The present studyprovides detailed measurements of the flow field in regulararrays of obstacles to obtain representative data on meanflow and turbulence statistics in urban-type areas. Obstacle arrays consisting of simple cubes and flat plateroughness commonly used in boundary layer simulations wereplaced in a simulated atmospheric boundary layer flow in ahydraulic flume. The scale factor was about 1:200 based onthe obstacle height (50 mm). The results show noappreciable `constant stress' region in the internalboundary layer above the buildings, since in any finite-length test array the boundary layer is always developing.However, if the RMS turbulence components are scaled by thelocal values of the shear stress, then there seems to be auniversal scaling, with _u/u_* = 2.1,_v/u_* = 1.65 and _w/u_* = 1.2. This greatly simplifies the parameterization of the first orderturbulence statistics in obstacle arrays. It was alsoobserved during the experiments that, compared to results inthe cube arrays, the turbulence kinetic energy and theReynolds stresses were almost doubled in the flat plateroughness arrays.     

EVALUATING THE INFLUENCE OF SOURCE BASINS ON DOWNSTREAM WATER QUALITY IN THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER1

ABSTRACT: Chemical variability in the Mississippi River during water years 1989 to 1998 was evaluated using stream discharge and water‐quality data in conjunction with the DAFLOW/BLTM hydraulic model. Model simulations were used to identify subbasin contributions of water and chemical constituents to the Mississippi River upstream from its confluence with the Ohio and the Mississippi River and at the Atchafalaya Diversion in Louisiana. Concentrations of dissolved solids, sodium, and sulfate at the Thebes site showed a general decreasing trend, and concentrations of silica and nitrate showed a general increasing trend as the percentage of discharge from the Mississippi River upstream from Grafton increased. Concentrations of most chemical constituents in the Mississippi River at the Atchafalaya Diversion exhibited a decreasing trend as the percentage of water from the Ohio River increased. Regression models were used to evaluate the importance of the source of water to the water chemistry in the Mississippi River at Thebes and the Atchafalaya Diversion. The addition of terms in regression equations to account for the percent of water from sub‐basins improved coefficients of determination for predicting chemical concentrations by as much as nine percent at the Thebes site and by as much as 48 percent at the Atchafalaya Diversion site. The addition of source‐water terms to regression equations increased the estimated annual loads of nitrate and silica delivered from the Mississippi River Basin to the Gulf of Mexico by as much as 14 and 13 percent, respectively.     

GEOSTATISTICAL ESTIMATION OF HORIZONTAL HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY FOR THE KIRKWOOD‐COHANSEY AQUIFER1

ABSTRACT: The Kirkwood‐Cohansey aquifer has been identified as a critical source for meeting existing and expected water supply needs for southern New Jersey. Several contaminated sites exist in the region; their impact on the aquifer has to be evaluated using ground water flow and transport models. Ground water modeling depends on availability of measured hydrogeologic data (e.g., hydraulic conductivity, for parameterization of the modeling runs). However, field measurements of such critical data have inadequate spatial density, and their locations are often clustered. The goal of this study was to research, compile, and geocode existing data, then use geostatistics and advanced mapping methods to develop a map of horizontal hydraulic conductivity for the Kirkwood‐Cohansey aquifer. Spatial interpolation of horizontal hydraulic conductivity measurements was performed using the Bayesian Maximum Entropy (BME) Method implemented in the BMELib code library. This involved the integration of actual measurements with soft information on likely ranges of hydraulic conductivity at a given location to obtain estimate maps. The estimation error variance maps provide an insight into the uncertainty associated with the estimates, and indicate areas where more information on hydraulic conductivity is required.