生物流化床反应器水力混合特性研究

分别以活性炭和陶粒作为载体,在无回流条件下研究了不同上升流速时,反应器的离散数D/μL和串联数N的变化规律.试验结果表明,上升流速,固体混合特性以及载体性质均对反应器离散程度产生影响.只要反应器达到一定的膨胀率,反应器的流态就比较接近完全混合型.活性炭为载体时,上升流速为0.29cm/s,膨胀率为9.5％,串联数N为2.17.说明用完全混合型反应器模拟生物流化床反应器是可行的.     

超滤膜-生物反应器处理生活污水及其水力学研究

用超滤膜－生物反应器进行处理生活污水试验并研究其水力学行为。结果表明,当ＨＲＴ为５ｈ、ＳＲＴ为３０ｄ、膜面流速为４ｍ／ｓ膜流量为７５Ｌ／（ｍ＾２·ｈ）时,试验出水水质优于建设部生活杂用水水质标准ＣＪ２５．１－８９,可直接回用。     

Influence of compost amendment rate and level of compaction on the hydraulic functioning of soils

There has been widespread interest in using compost to improve the hydrologic functions of degraded soils at construction sites for reducing runoff and increasing infiltration. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of compost amendment rate on saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_s) and water retention in order to identify target compost rates for enhancing soil hydrologic functions. Samples were prepared with three soil textures (sandy loam, silt loam, and sandy clay loam), amended with compost at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%. All soils were tested at a porosity of 0.5 m³/m³, and the sandy loam was further tested at high (0.55 m³/m³) and low (0.4 m³/m³) porosities. The K_s and water retention data were then used to model infiltration with HYDRUS-1D. With increasing compost amendment rate, K_s and water retention of the mixtures generally increased at the medium porosity level, with more compost needed in heavier soils. As porosity decreased in the sandy loam soil, the amount of compost needed to improve K_s rose from 20% to 50%. Water distribution in pore fractions (gravitational, plant-available, and unavailable water) depended on texture, with only the highest compost rates increasing plant-available water in one soil. Results suggest soil texture should be taken into consideration when choosing a compost rate in order to achieve soil improvement goals. Hydrologic benefits may be limited even at a high rate of compost amendment if soil is compacted.     

There will be blood: Crime rates in shale-rich U.S. counties

Over the past decade the production of tight oil and shale gas significantly increased in the United States. This paper examines how this energy boom has affected regional crime rates throughout the country. We find positive effects on rates of various property and violent crimes in shale-rich counties. In 2013, the cost of the additional crimes in the average treatment county was roughly $2 million. These results are not easily explained by shifts in observed demographics like gender and age. There is however evidence that people with criminal records (registered sex offenders) moved disproportionally to shale-boom towns in North Dakota. We also document a rise in income inequality (a postulated determinant of criminal activity) that coincides with the timing of the energy boom. Policy makers in boom towns should anticipate these crime effects and invest in public infrastructure accordingly.     

基于GAC颗粒污泥厌氧氨氧化EGSB反应器的快速启动

以GAC颗粒污泥为接种污泥研究厌氧氨氧化EGSB反应器快速启动的条件及运行参数。反应器的启动在17 d内完成,总氮容积负荷达到1.62 kg/(m3·d)。采用缩短水力停留时间方式提高反应器负荷,14 d内反应器总氮容积负荷能快速升至1.45 kg/(m3·d),实验结果表明采用低基质浓度和缩短水力停留时间方式更利于厌氧氨氧化反应器的启动。第18~21 d平均产气速率为1.1 L/h,用气相色谱仪对EGSB反应器产生的气体进行分析,N2O、CO2平均体积分数分别为0.8%、0.02%,如何降低气体中N2O的浓度需要进一步研究。     

强化EGSB-好氧组合工艺处理马铃薯淀粉废水研究

马铃薯淀粉废水具有处理难度大、有机污染物浓度高等特点,属于高难度有机废水。为了有效的解决马铃薯淀粉废水造成的环境污染问题,采用强化厌氧膨胀颗粒污泥床组合好氧工艺对有机污染物质和氨氮的去除效能进行研究。研究结果表明-强化厌氧膨胀颗粒污泥床在最佳运行工况条件下(进水温度为30℃、外回流比为2和水力停留时间24 h),组合工艺出水COD质量浓度和氨氮浓度分别在92.35 mg/L和10.28 mg/L左右,去除率分别在98.85%和86.29%左右,出水水质能够满足《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978—1996)二级标准,说明该工艺是一种适用于马铃薯淀粉废水的处理技术。     

上海市污水二期干线排水风险评估及安全保障

上海市污水二期干线是上海市一条重要的排污干线,其安全运行对保障市区的排水安全具有重要的意义。通过建立污水二期干线管网系统的数学水力集成模型,对污水二期干线的水力状态进行模拟,预测在超强暴雨条件下污水二期干线的排水风险,提出污水二期干线的排水安全保障方案,为上海市区的防洪保安奠定基础。     

不同HRT下污水中有机物在ABR中的转化过程及污泥形态特征

采用效果检测、粒径分布与电镜扫描等方法,研究厌氧折流板反应器（ABR）在不同水力停留时间（HRT）下污水中有机物（COD）的转化过程及污泥形态变化特征.结果表明,HRT从15 h到4 h的各运行阶段,COD去除率稳定在90.0%以上.沿程分析表明,当HRT为10、7.5、5和4 h时,ABR第一隔室分别承担约90%、78.56%、74.18%及58.91%的去碳比重,且承担COD去除的主要功能隔室由第一隔室过渡到第一、二隔室.随着HRT缩短,ABR第一隔室中挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs）总量显著上升.组成分析知,乙酸在总VFAs的比重由51.36%逐渐升高至58.77%,丁酸、丙酸含量相对较少,变化较小.随着运行时间推移,ABR中污泥形态发生显著变化,到111 d时,基本实现颗粒化;同时,沿水流方向颗粒化程度呈递减趋势.扫描电镜（SEM）观察显示,ABR一定程度上存在生物相分离现象,各隔室分别以丝状菌、甲烷多球菌、单球菌和杆菌为主.     

HRT对CSTR亚硝化颗粒污泥性能影响

在CSTR中控制稳定的进水氨氮负荷,基于对粒径分布、胞外聚合物（EPS）组分和功能菌动力学活性的分析,考察水力停留时间（HRT）对颗粒污泥形态、氮转化效能和微生物动力学活性的影响,并采用MiSeq高通量测序技术分析污泥中微生物菌群结构.结果表明,HRT从4 h逐渐缩短至1 h,反应器中氨氮去除率从80%逐渐提高至95%,亚硝酸盐累积率始终大于85%.缩短HRT可显著改变颗粒污泥粒径分布,0.3~0.8 mm的颗粒逐渐占主导,约达50%,粒径小于0.3 mm和大于1.6 mm的颗粒逐渐减少.HRT对功能微生物活性影响与颗粒大小有关.系统中变形菌门（Proteobacteria）占绝对优势,亚硝化单胞菌属（Nitrosomomas）为代表的AOB富集度高达56%以上,缩短HRT有利于AOB的富集.     

新型分层生物滴滤池去除污水中氮磷的性能研究

生物滴滤池是农村生活污水处理的主要技术之一,但其存在氮、磷去除能力有限,稳定性不高等缺点。为提高新型分层生物滴滤池的氮磷去除效率,探索最佳工艺条件,本文采用新型分层生物滴滤池为试验装置,考察了滤料种类、水力负荷、回流比等对装置去除污水中氮磷性能的影响。结果表明,当滤料为炉渣、水力负荷为4 m3＆#183;m-2＆#183;d-1、回流比为2：1时滤池去除氮磷的效果最好,对NH4＋-N、TN、TP、COD的平均去除率分别可达到87.08%、57.37%、66.04%、80.78%;采用较高的回流比是滴滤池提高脱氮效果的一条有效途径。