Arsenic removal from groundwater by acclimated sludge under autohydrogenotrophic conditions

Arsenic in the environment is attracting increasing attention due to its chronic health effects. Although arsenite(As(III)) is generally more mobile and more toxic than arsenate(As(V)), reducing As(V) to As(III) may still be a means for decontamination, because As(III) can be removed from solution by precipitation with sulfide or by adsorption or complexation with other metal sulfides. The performance of As(V) bio-reduction under autohydrogenotrophic conditions was investigated with batch experiments. The results showed that As(V) reduction was a biochemical process while both acclimated sludge and hydrogen were essential. Most of the reduced arsenic remained in a soluble form, although 20% was removed with no addition of sulfate, while 82% was removed when sulfate was reduced to sulfide. The results demonstrated that the reduced arsenic was re-sequestered in the precipitates, probably as arsenic sulfides. Kinetic analysis showed that pseudo first-order kinetics described the bio-reduction process better than pseudo second-order. In particular, the influences of pH and temperature on As(V) reduction by acclimated sludge under autohydrogenotrophic conditions and total soluble As removal were examined. The reduction process was highly sensitive to both pH and temperature, with the optimum ranges of pH 6.5–7.0 and 30–40°C respectively. Furthermore, Arrhenius modeling results for the temperature effect indicated that the As(V) reduction trend was systematic. Total soluble As removal was consistent with the trend of As(V) reduction.     

Aerobic granules cultivated and operated in continuous-flow bioreactor under particle-size selective pressure

A novel method based on the selective pressure of particle size （particle-size cultivation method, PSCM） was developed for the cultivation and operation of aerobic granular sludge in a continuous-flow reactor, and compared with the conventional method based on the selective pressure of settling velocity （settling-velocity cultivation method, SVCM）. Results indicated that aerobic granules could be cultivated in continuous operation mode by this developed method within 14 days. Although in the granulation process, under particle-size selective pressure, mixed liquor suspended solids （MLSS） in the reactor fluctuated greatly and filamentous bacteria dominated the sludge system during the initial operation days, no obvious difference in profile was found between the aerobic granules cultivated by PSCM and SVCM. Moreover, aerobic granules cultivated by PSCM presented larger diameter, lower water content and higher specific rates of nitrification, denitrifieation and phosphorus removal, but lower settling velocity. Under long term operation of more than 30 days, aerobic granules in the continuous-flow reactor could remain stable and obtain good chemical oxygen demand （COD）, NH4^＋-N, total nitrogen （TN） and total phosphorus （TP） removal. The results indicate that PSCM was dependent on the cultivation and maintenance of the stability of aerobic granules in continuous-flow bioreactors.     

普光气田含硫污水尾气处理工艺应用与优化

针对中国石化普光气田产出水属于典型的含硫污水,密闭处理系统中产生大量高含硫尾气,论述了尾气处理工艺中存在的问题,优化了单一的生物除硫、活性炭吸附工艺,增加了一级碱洗、氧化除硫工艺,实现尾气达标排放。     

活性炭催化过氧化氢去除荧光增白剂

研究了活性炭(activated carbon,AC)吸附、改性活性炭(activated carbon modified,ACM)吸附、过氧化氢(H2O2)氧化、AC催化H2O2等方法对水体中荧光增白剂VBL的处理效果,并通过自由基俘获剂叔丁醇、催化过程气体分析等探讨了AC催化H2O2分解VBL的机制.结果表明,经硝酸铁[Fe(NO3)3]改性过的ACM对VBL的吸附去除率高于未改性的AC.活性炭催化H2O2对VBL的去除效果明显,但未改性AC催化去除率高于ACM.60 min时,AC催化氧化去除率即可达到95%以上,而ACM仅为58%.叔丁醇的加入降低了AC和ACM催化氧化对VBL的去除率,表明AC催化H2O2氧化能促进H2O2形成羟基自由基(·OH)和原子氧参与反应.AC催化H2O2分解及释放气体分析表明,AC能催化H2O2形成氧气并放热,且ACM明显快于AC.结合催化H2O2去除VBL效率的结果分析,ACM催化反应时活性中间物(自由基和原子氧等)产生速率快于AC,活性中间物自身消耗形成氧气,而不是用于分解VBL.催化反应中活性中间产物的形成速率与反应物供给速率的不匹配可能是导致ACM催化效果弱于AC的重要原因.     

微生物电解系统生物阴极的硫酸盐还原特性研究

针对传统硫酸盐生物还原方法中供氢体系能耗大和氢气利用率低的特点,构建双极室微生物电解系统(microbial electrolysis system,MES),研究了微生物利用阴极作为电子供体去除废水中硫酸盐及电子利用的特性.外加电压为0.8 V时,MES生物阴极在36 h内SO2-4平均去除量为109.8 mg·L-1,平均还原速率可达73.2 mg·(L·d)-1.运行时MES的最高电流密度为50~60 A·m-3,电子回收率为(43.3±10.7)%,约90%的电子被用于还原SO2-4.微生物利用MES阴极产生的H2作为电子供体还原SO2-4,主要还原产物为溶解态的S2-和气态的H2S,还原过程主要发生在前12 h.对MES施加不同外加电压的实验显示,外加电压为0.8 V时的SO2-4去除率和电荷量都比0.4 V时高;但0.4 V情形下MES的电子回收率可达到70%,且周期结束时阴极H2低于检出限,推测微生物可以直接利用阴极的电子从而提高了能量效率.实验结果最终表明,微生物可利用MES的阴极进行代谢去除废水中的SO2-4,阳极微生物产生电子降低了系统能耗,这为含硫酸盐废水的高效低耗处理提供了新的研究思路.     

藏南干旱区湖泊及地热水体氢氧同位素研究

青藏高原水循环过程情况复杂,水体氢氧同位素包含了其重要信息.选取西藏南部干旱区淡水湖、咸水湖及地热水水体为研究对象,分析研究区内不同水体氢氧同位素组成、变化特征、影响因素及水循环过程.结果表明,3种水体均表现出了高海拔地区氢氧同位素组成偏负的特点,淡水湖打加芒错δ18O平均值为-17.0‰,δD平均值为-138.6‰,咸水湖朗错δ18O平均值为-6.4‰,δD平均值为-87.4‰,搭格架地热区热水δ18O平均值为-19.2‰,δD平均值为-158.2‰;受内陆干旱区强烈的蒸发作用影响,湖泊及地热水蒸发线斜率均小于8,氘过量d值均为负值;搭格架地热区热储温度较高,氢氧同位素关系存在氧漂移现象.     

曝气膜生物反应器运行过程中污泥活性特征变化及其对膜污染的影响

研究了曝气膜生物反应器运行过程中活性污泥主要活性特征变化及其对膜污染的影响.通过排出剩余污泥的办法维持活性污泥浓度在4000 mg·L-1左右,并连续运行75 d.运行期间,每日检测活性污泥的各项性质指标便于反映污泥特性的变化.结果表明,随着反应器运行时间的延长,污泥脱氢酶活性逐渐增加,其对反应器的运行有着两方面的作用,一方面会强化微生物对污染物的去除,但另一方面则导致了胞外聚合物的增加,并加速膜污染.而污泥表观产率则随着运行时间的延长先增加后有所减少,其粒径逐渐减小,且胞外聚合物呈现增加的趋势,总的出水水质情况逐渐提高,与此同时,反应器内原生动物及后生动物在运行前期较少,而在后期大量出现.膜污染分析结果表明运行后期膜污染速度明显加快,其原因在于:污泥粒径的减小以及胞外聚合物的增加导致细小颗粒及胞外聚合物堵塞或在膜表面沉积数量增加.     

模拟烹饪油烟的粒径分布与扩散

烹饪油烟颗粒物粒径分布与扩散特性研究有助于解析其对室内空气质量和居民健康的影响,采用电子低压撞击器(ELPI)实时监测了油烟机开启和关闭状态下,模拟烹饪油烟发生处和3 m外位置处,0.03~10μm范围内油烟颗粒数浓度和质量浓度随粒径分布.油烟颗粒主要以655 nm以下的细颗粒为主.油烟机能够显著降低室内油烟浓度,开启油烟机后,油烟发生处颗粒数浓度从2.8×106个·cm-3降低到2.3×105个·cm-3,PM2.5(空气动力学直径≤2.5μm的颗粒)质量浓度从85.9 mg·m-3降低到6.2 mg·m-3.油烟机对PM10的净化效率高于PM2.5.油烟迅速从发生处扩散到3 m外,无通风状态下,总颗粒数浓度衰减达65%,PM2.5质量浓度衰减达75%.计算流体动力学(CFD)模拟了油烟机对油烟PM2.5质量浓度场扩散分布影响.红外摄像仪监测了油烟温度场分布扩散,以扇形向外扩散,伴随着油烟温度梯度降低.     

基于生态系统供给及净化服务功能的贵州省水生态占用研究

针对传统及现有水生态足迹理论及其模型存在的缺陷与不足,本文提出了基于生态系统供给及净化服务功能的贵州省水生态占用概念与模型,将其划分为生物生产和非生物生产的水生态占用两部分,建立水产品、水资源、水环境3类账户,并在此基础上以2000—2014年的贵州省为例进行计算分析,结果表明:(1)水产品账户中,贵州省水产品消费的水生态占用总体呈上升趋势,水生态承载力波动变化较小,水产品消费呈生态赤字状态,且其生态压力较大;(2)水资源账户中,贵州省淡水资源的水生态占用整体呈逐渐上升趋势,水生态承载力则呈明显波动的趋势,且变化幅度较大,淡水资源消费处于生态盈余状态,且其与水生态承载力的变化态势一致,淡水资源消费的生态压力较小;(3)水环境账户中,水环境生态压力主要来源于氮污染,2000—2010年消纳污染的水生态占用变化不大,2011—2014年波动较大,历年生活水污染账户值均大于工业,今后要注重加强生活水污染防治,消纳污染的水生态承载力呈波动变化的趋势,水环境处于生态赤字状态,且其生态压力较高;(4)与现有生态足迹模型的比较分析可知:该模型核算更为全面;不考虑均衡因子,并以最大水生态压力指数来评价区域水生态系统所承受的压力状态具有合理性,更能准确反映贵州水生态的实际情况和水生态文明建设的需要.     

L形和U形三维钝体结构绕流的数值模拟研究

采用大涡模型对L形和U形三维钝体建筑物的绕流特性和风压分布特性进行数值研究.考虑平均和脉动速度入口边界,在雷诺数为1.5×105～7×105条件下,对2种钝体的9种分析工况进行瞬态动力分析,并将计算结果与已有研究进行对比.研究表明,钝体绕流对周围流场影响的强弱程度依次为尾流区、屋顶区、来流区,影响大小随着流场与钝体之间...