黄河干流宁蒙段溶解性有机物组分特征及其与金属离子的相关性

溶解性有机物(dissolved organic matter,DOM)是天然水体的重要组成部分,由于化学极性及所含的官能团不同,其在水体中的化学行为也不同.本研究以黄河干流宁蒙段为研究对象,于2015年4月采集了下河沿至头道拐沿程7个断面的水样,采用XAD系列树脂将DOM分为疏水性酸(hydrophobic acid,HOA)、疏水性碱(hydrophobic base,HOB)、弱疏水性酸(weak hydrophobic acid,WHOA)和亲水性物质(hydrophilic matter,HYI)这4个组分,探讨了DOM组分含量、荧光峰值及其与Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr、As这5种金属离子之间的相关性.结果表明,黄河宁蒙段DOM总量由下河沿至头道拐沿程逐渐增加.各断面DOM腐殖化程度较低,以亲水性的蛋白质类小分子物质(HYI)为主,疏水性酸(HOA)次之,这与黄河沿岸排污导致内源作用增强有关.三维荧光光谱中类腐殖质和类蛋白质荧光峰型显著,且类腐殖质峰沿程逐渐增强,进一步证实了内源污水输入的影响.SPSS相关性分析结果表明,DOM与5种金属离子呈现出不同程度的相关性,其中与Cu离子显著相关;4种组分中HYI与Cu离子的相关性最强,说明二者在迁移转化过程中存在显著相互作用.进一步研究发现,芳香蛋白类物质荧光峰强度随Cu离子浓度的升高而降低,这可能是Cu与亲水性组分中的芳香类蛋白质发生络合产生荧光淬灭效应,从而导致荧光强度降低.     

改性无烟煤去除水中内分泌干扰物的性能探究

以KOH为改性剂对无烟煤改性,研究了改性前后无烟煤对3种内分泌干扰物EDCs(17α-乙炔基雌二醇EE2、双酚A BPA、磺胺甲噁唑SMZ)的吸附性能。结果表明,KOH改性对无烟煤的孔结构和表面性质产生影响,提高了无烟煤对3种EDCs的吸附量,其中对EE2的吸附量提高了近2倍。3种EDCs在改性前后2种无烟煤上的吸附过程均可用伪二级动力学描述,吸附等温线更符合Langmuir吸附等温方程,表现为化学吸附。改性前后2种无烟煤对EE2均表现出最高吸附能力,平衡吸附量(qe)分别为0.214 7μg/mg与0.622 9μg/mg;其次是BPA;最差是SMZ,qe仅为0.095 9μg/mg与0.124 2μg/mg。进一步研究表明,目标物的吸附情况与其憎水性质和分子结构有关,无烟煤吸附目标物的能力与其正辛醇/水分配系数正相关。     

浅析化学事故应急响应专线的发展

纵观国外同类化学事故应急咨询机构30多年的发展经验,结合化学事故应急响应专线的现状,提出了扩大化学事故应急响应专线的服务范围、加强化学事故技术支持体系的建设及加强与国内外同类机构的交流与合作等发展建议。     

省级化学品登记软件开发构想

为做好省级化学品登记工作,提出登记工作的软件设计构想,为企业和管理层提供准确的企业信息、统计数据等相关信息,为制定决策提供数据支持。     

工艺安全管理系统的适用范围——危险化学品目录及临界量的确定

从工艺安全管理（PSM）的角度,对美国、欧盟等的工艺安全管理系统适用范围的定义进行分析,结合目前国内《重大危险源辨识》中给出的部分危险化学品的临界量,以此为基础制定适合我国国情的危险化学品目录并确定各物质的临界量,提出在我国推行工艺安全管理系统的建议。     

危险化学品安全评价现状及对策

阐述了危险化学品安全评价的重要性,介绍了我国危险化学品生产企业的安全现状。详细分析了影响危险化学品生产企业安全评价有效性的各种因素,针对中国当前危险化学品安全评价中存在的主要问题,提出了改进对策措施。     

易燃、易爆危险化学品铁路运输危险性分析

从定性和定量两个方面对易燃、易爆危险化学品的铁路槽罐车运输过程和装卸过程的危险性进行分析,利用道化学火灾爆炸指数法计算易燃、易爆危险化学品铁路罐车的火灾爆炸指数,进行重大危险源辨识,并对重大危险源的概念进行了理论探讨,提出移动式重大危险源的概念。     

The method for leakage detection of urban natural gas pipeline based on the improved ITA and ALO

To solve the problems of the difficulty in early leakage monitoring and larger positioning error for urban hazardous chemicals pipelines, the optimized method based on the improved Inverse Transient Analysis (ITA) and Ant Lion Optimizer (ALO) was proposed. Firstly, based on the obtained experiment's results of leakage of natural gas in the non-metallic pipeline, the segment classification method was incorporated into the pressure gradient calculation. The modified method can adapt to the multi-node characteristics of urban pipe networks and help to obtain the preliminary positioning calculation results after optimization. Then the calculation results were embedded in the ITA calculation model. The input parameters of the gas pipeline such as boundary conditions, leakage rate and friction coefficient were used to establish the characteristic linear equations. Then the objective function of the least-squares criterion was defined, and the improved ITA model suitable for leakage detection of urban natural gas pipeline networks was constructed. Finally, the ALO was used to optimize the calculation process of the improved ITA model, and iteratively optimize the optimal friction coefficient and its corresponding minimum objective function (OF) value. As a result, a more precise location of the leakage source was calculated. The validation of the modified method is conducted by comparing the calculated values with the experiment's results. The results show that the method can accurately predict the location where the pipeline leakage occurs. The minimum error is 3.17%. Compared with the traditional ITA, this method not only accelerates the convergence speed of the objective function, but also improves the accuracy of location calculation.     

Corporate occupational exposure limits: An example of a strategy

Occupational exposure limits (OELs) developed by authorities play a key role in the implementation of programs to protect workers against hazardous chemicals. Unfortunately, many hazardous substances do not have OELs or the OEL could be outdated. To assure the health of the workers, it is therefore useful for companies to develop corporate OELs. An inhouse strategy will be presented hereafter. Expertise in toxicology, industrial hygiene, and occupational health should be available within the company and clear selection criteria for substances are needed. A corporate OEL is only developed for hazardous substances (e.g., carcinogenic or reprotoxic) with a high potential for worker exposure when an appropriate national OEL or threshold limit value is not available. The methodology to calculate corporate OELs is based on the existing methods for national or community OELs and also on the guidance from the European Union's (EU) regulation on the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH). For carcinogenic substances with a nonthreshold mode of action, there is always a residual chance that a cancer develops even when the exposure of workers is low. To establish an OEL for these substances, the “German traffic light model” is recommended. It is pragmatic, defines an unacceptable, tolerable, and acceptable risk level when workers are exposed to these substances, and determines risk management for exposure reduction. Overall, the professional practice to develop OELs is a good example of corporate leadership to proactively protect the health of workers.     

辽宁省化学品环境风险特征及管理对策分析

通过对辽宁省化学品分布、三大行业l810家企业化学品环境风险单元、防范措施、应急处置、应急救援资源情况及存在问题的分析研究,提出适合辽宁省化学品环境风险管理对策建议。