Comparative sorption,desorption and leaching potential of aminocyclopyrachlor and picloram

Sorption and desorption of aminocyclopyrachlor (6-amino-5-chloro-2-cyclopropylpyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid) were compared to that of the structurally similar herbicide picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid) in three soils of differing origin and composition to determine if picloram data is representative of aminocyclopyrachlor behavior in soil. Aminocyclopyrachlor and picloram batch sorption data fit the Freundlich equation and was independent of concentration for aminocyclopyrachlor (1/n = 1), but not for picloram (1/n = 0.80–0.90). Freundlich sorption coefficients (K _f) for aminocyclopyrachlor were lowest in the eroded and depositional Minnesota soils (0.04 and 0.12 μmol ^(1–1/n) L^1/n kg^?1) and the highest in Molokai soil (0.31 μmol ^(1–1/n) L^1/n kg^?1). For picloram, K _f was lower in the eroded (0.28 μmol ^(1–1/n) L^1/n kg^?1) as compared to the depositional Minnesota soil (0.75 μmol ^(1–1/n) L^1/n kg^?1). Comparing soil to soil, K _f for picloram was consistently higher than those found for aminocyclopyrachlor. Desorption of aminocyclopyrachlor and picloram was hysteretic on all three soils. With regard to the theoretical leaching potential based on groundwater ubiquity score (GUS), leaching potential of both herbicides was considered to be similar. Aminocyclopyrachlor would be ranked as leacher in all three soils if t_1/2 was > 12.7 days. To be ranked as non-leacher in all three soils, aminocyclopyrachlor t_1/2 would have to be <3.3 days. Calculated half-life that would rank picloram as leacher was calculated to be ～15.6 d. Using the current information for aminocycloprachlor, or using picloram data as representative of aminocycloprachlor behavior, scientists can now more accurately predict the potential for offsite transport of aminocycloprachlor.     

滇池底泥制备的生物炭对菲的吸附-解吸

将滇池草海底泥在不同烧制温度下制成生物炭,并用元素分析法表征其元素组成,溴化钾压片法表征其红外光谱,CO2和N2法表征其比表面积、孔体积、孔径．以菲作为模型化合物来研究有机污染物在生物炭上的吸附一解吸行为,以此深入了解生物炭施用中对有机污染物环境行为和风险的影响．结果表明,生物炭随烧制温度升高,芳香性升高、亲水性降低、...     

沉积物提取液对萘在河流沉积物中吸附-解吸行为的影响

疏水性有机污染物在沉积物上的吸附-解吸行为直接决定其在水环境中迁移、转化、生物效应与归宿.以往采用背景电解质溶液作为解吸体系的方法,忽略了其与天然水体水化学条件的差异可能对污染物的解吸行为产生的影响,从而造成疏水性有机污染物在天然水体沉积物上的吸附-解吸性能评价方法存在较大偏差.本文通过选用沉积物浸出液代替背景电解质溶液的方式来保证吸附-解吸水化学条件的一致性,采用批量平衡的方法对分别采集于凉水河水系(标记为L)以及东江流域(标记为D)的两种河流沉积物样品,进行连续吸附-解吸实验,以考察多环芳烃萘在沉积物上的吸附-解吸规律,从而阐明水化学条件的一致性对吸附-解吸过程的影响与重要性.实验结果表明,萘在沉积物上的吸附-解吸过程呈现出明显的滞后现象.传统的以背景电解质溶液作为介质,研究疏水性有机污染物解吸行为的方法会导致解吸体系的TOC值比模拟天然水体体系减少74.68%～85.01%,这种吸附-解吸水化学条件的差异会增强污染物在沉积物上的滞后性,具体表现为萘在沉积物L和D浸出液中的平均解吸量相比其在背景电解质溶液中分别增加了3.14mg·kg-1和2.40mg·kg-1,平均解吸滞后系数由在背景电解质溶液中的0.04和0.135降低至沉积物浸出液中的0.012和0.072.此现象表明,与纯电解质溶液比较,采用从沉积物中提取的溶解有机碳作为解吸介质,会显著增加萘在沉积物中的平均解吸量,所获得的实验结果更加符合天然水体的实际条件.     

气-水两相砂介质中饱和度-毛细压力关系与水位波动之间的响应

利用时域反射仪（TDR）与微型张力计（T5）联用装置,测定气-水两相砂介质中因水位波动产生的连续干燥与湿润循环过程中饱和度-毛细压力（S-p）关系曲线.同时,研究了多重水位波动对S-p关系曲线、孔隙流体运移的滞后性及空气剩余饱和度的作用.结果表明,TDR、T5和数据自动采集器联用装置可较准确测量出气-水两相条件下S-p关系的动态变化.同一介质中不同干燥过程的侵入压值比较接近,与干燥过程的初始水饱和度无关;而干燥或湿润过程的S-p关系曲线和滞后程度则与其初始水饱和度密切相关.在特定的干燥和湿润循环过程中,初始水饱和度大小对空气剩余饱和度的值影响不大,用于预测非湿润相流体剩余饱和度的Land的假设需要修正.本研究结果对进一步研究水位波动条件下地下有机污染物运移具有借鉴作用,可为修正NAPL Simulator 提供实验依据.     

三氯乙烯在不同土壤中的解吸行为

采用w(TOC)(TOC为总有机碳)不同的2种天然土壤以及用H₂O₂去除大部分软碳和高温灼烧去除全部有机碳后所得到的6种土样为吸附剂,以TCE(三氯乙烯)为研究对象,考察了有机碳含量及组成、矿物质、初始ρ(TCE)等因素对TCE解吸行为的影响,并比较了吸附解吸异质性大小. 结果表明,解吸平衡时6种土样的TCE解吸量不到相应吸附量的25%;TCE在6种土样上的解吸等温线表现出更高的非线性特征. 所有土样都表现出一定程度的吸附解吸异质性,HI(异质性指数)均大于2.0,其中H₂O₂氧化土样的异质性更高(HI>4.0). 2种原土中有机碳和矿物质对TCE解吸的平均贡献率分别为74%和26%,而H₂O₂氧化后的2种土样中该值分别为68%和32%;初始ρ(TCE)越高,矿物质的解吸贡献率相对越低. 此外,TCE的解吸量与土壤矿物质中孔和微孔的体积也有一定的关系.      

Adsorption‐desorption hysteresis of α‐endosulfan in tropical soils using isotopic techniques

This study was designed to evaluate the adsorption‐desorption hysteresis of endosulfan (1,2,3,4, 7,7‐hexachlorobicyclo[2,2,1]‐2‐heptene‐5,6‐bisoxymethylene sulfite) in selected tropical soils. Two major tropical soils from Thailand were selected, Rangsit lowland soils (Rangsit series) and Phrabat upland soils (Pakchong series). The soil types were sub‐divided into plow soils, 0–20cm depth from the surface, and subsoils, 20–40cm depth. Adsorption was determined in 24h batch equilibrium, with five different concentrations of ¹⁴C endosulfan ranging from 1.04 to 16.64 ng/mg soils. Four successive desorption studies were performed continuously after three adsorption concentrations, 24h for each successive. Adsorption coefficient values (K _ads) as determined by Freundlich model ranged from 0.02 to 0.14 and found to be higher in Rangsit soils as expected when compared with Phrabat soils. Desorption was hysteresis in every desorption study. Desorption coefficient values (K _des) were higher than adsorption (K _des).     

五氯酚在沉积物中的吸附解吸迟滞行为

采用循环吸附 解吸实验法 ,研究了西湖、滇池、太湖、甬江和钱塘江表层沉积物对五氯酚的吸附特性 .结果表明五氯酚在 5种沉积物上均表现出解吸比吸附滞后的现象 .解吸迟滞系数表明 ,甬江沉积物的迟滞现象最明显 ,各沉积物的迟滞系数大小与沉积物中脂蜡占有机质总量的百分比成正相关 .研究认为 ,解吸迟滞行为主要是由沉积物中脂蜡组分对五氯酚的不可逆吸附造成的 .解吸迟滞现象的存在 ,减小了五氯酚在水中的生态风险     

Soil-Water Partitioning and Desorption Hysteresis of Volatile Organic Compounds from a Louisiana Superfund Site Soil

The adsorption and desorption of three volatile organic compounds (1,2- dichloroethane, 1,1,2- trichloroethane and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane) from a previously uncontaminated clayey soil sample from a Superfund site in North Baton Rouge,Louisiana was studied. In the linear range of the adsorption isotherm, the partition constants were not affected by the presence of the co-solutes. The adsorption isotherms over a wide concentration range on the soil followed the nonlinearFreundlich isotherm. The desorption of the compounds showedsignificant hysteresis at all concentrations studied. Approximately 20 to 70% of the adsorbed mass of organic compounds resisted the desorption even after five months ofsuccessive desorption steps. The desorption of four compounds(1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, 1,4-dichlorobenzeneand hexachlorobutadiene) from a contaminated soil sample fromthe same site was also studied. The aqueous concentration declined as the successive desorption steps progressed. For hexachlorobutediene the desorption can be visualized as occurring in two stages. The first stage involved a loosely bound or reversible fraction and the second stage involveda tightly bound or resistant fraction.     

Sorption and desorption of diuron on Typic Argiudoll,Oxic Argiudoll and on their clay fractions: environmental aspects

Abstract

The sorption and desorption of diuron by soil samples from Horizons A and B (HA and HB) and by their different clay fractions were investigated, using two soil samples, classified as Typic Argiudoll and Oxic Argiudoll. The sorption and desorption curves were adjusted to the Freundlich model and evaluated by parameters K_f, K_d and K_oc. Based on the data of groundwater ubiquity score (GUS), leachability index (LIX) and hysteresis index (HI), the risk of groundwater pollution was evaluated. The K_d values obtained for soil samples were between 4.5?mL g^?1 (Oxic Argiudoll – HB) and 15.9?mL g^?1 (Typic Argiudoll – HA) and between 1.13 and 14.0?mL g^?1 for the different mineral fractions, whereas the K_oc values varied between 276 (Oxic Argiudoll – HB) and 462 (Typic Argiudoll – HA). According to the parameter GUS, only Oxic Argiudoll – HB presented leaching potential, and based on the LIX index this same soil presented the highest leaching potential. Some samples presented low LIX and GUS values, indicating no leaching potential, but none presented HI results indicative of hysteresis, suggesting weak bonds between diuron and the soil samples and, hence, the risk of groundwater pollution by diuron.     

重金属镉在黑土和棕壤中的解吸行为比较

采用一次平衡法对Cd²⁺在黑土和棕壤2种土壤类型中的解吸行为进行了比较研究.结果表明,Cd²⁺在2种土壤中的解吸行为均有明显的滞后性.相对于棕壤,Cd²⁺在黑土中的解吸有更长的滞后阶段.Cd²⁺在2种土壤中的解吸过程是一个快速反应的过程,当解吸平衡时间在30min左右时,吸附态Cd²⁺的解吸量能达到总解吸量的90%以上.Cd²⁺在2种土壤中的解吸效率都比较低,相对于总吸附量而言,Cd²⁺在黑土和棕壤的解吸百分比分别低于9.0%和15.1%.解吸速率随着初始浓度的增加而升高,但随着解吸量和解吸时间增加而下降,土壤性质对解吸速率的下降并没有明显的影响.Freundlich方程是描述Cd²⁺在这2种土壤中等温解吸的最佳方程,而Elovich方程是描述其在这2种土壤中解吸动力学变化的最佳方程.