Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a sediment core from Lake Dagze Co, Tibetan Plateau, China: Comparison of three receptor models

Receptor models are a useful tool for identifying sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in multiple environmental media. In this study, three different receptor models (including the principal component analysis-multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR), positive matrix factorization (PMF), and Unmix models) were used to apportion the sources of 16 priority PAHs in a sediment core of Lake Dagze Co. The ∑PAHs (sum of all 16 measured PAHs) concentrations ranged from 51.89 to 132.82 ng/g with an average of 80.39 ng/g. The ∑PAHs were dominated by 2-3 ring PAHs, accounting for 80.12% on average, thereby indicating that they mainly originated from biomass and coal combustion and/or from long-range atmospheric transportation. The three models produced consistent source apportionment results. The greatest contributor to ∑PAHs was biomass combustion, followed by coal combustion, vehicle emissions, and petrogenic sources. Moreover, the temporal variation of the common sources was well-correlated among models. The multi-method comparison and evaluation results showed that all three models were useful tools for source apportionment of PAHs, with the PMF model providing better results than the PCA-MLR and Unmix models. The temporal trends of factor contributions were verified by PAHs with different ring numbers. Significant correlations were found between the simulated concentrations of each source factor and the PAHs with different ring numbers (P<0.01), except for the petrogenic source identified by the Unmix model (P>0.05). This study can provide useful information for further investigation of source apportionment of PAHs in the sediment cores.     

山西晋中焦化基地多环芳烃排放对周边大田卷心菜的影响

饮食摄入是多环芳烃(PAHs)人体暴露的主要途径之一,探究PAHs污染对农产品安全和人体健康的影响具有重要意义。山西晋中拥有大型焦化企业,也是北方重要的大田蔬菜种植基地,当地PAHs污染的特征和影响具有相当的典型性。研究选取修文工业基地周边的大田蔬菜基地作为研究区域,分别采集大气(含气相和颗粒相)、菜地表土和卷心菜菜心样品,确定各类样品中母体PAHs的浓度水平、组成比例和分布特征。结果表明,蔬菜基地周边大气中母体PAHs的平均浓度为301 ng·m-3。大气母体PAHs主要存在于气相,低环(2~3环)组分占据优势。利用同分异构体特征比值和主成分分析对大气PAHs进行初步源解析,炼焦、燃煤和生物质燃烧、以及交通尾气排放是当地PAHs的主要排放源。菜地表土母体PAHs的中位数浓度为236ng·g-1,范围为130~703 ng·g-1,以中、高环(4~6环)组分为主,菜地表土母体PAHs浓度与土壤总有机碳(TOC)分数呈现显著正相关关系。当地大田种植卷心菜菜心的PAHs中位数浓度为12.9 ng·g-1,范围为0.9~47.6 ng·g-1,低环组分所占比例最大,其组分谱分布与大气相似。偏相关分析显示周边大气PAHs对卷心菜菜心PAHs的传输贡献要大于表土PAHs。     

Biological effects of water soluble fraction of crude oil on the Arctic sea ice amphipod Gammarus wilkitzkii

With increasing petroleum related activity in the Barents Sea and the subsequent risk of accidents, there is a demand for knowledge about the effect of oil pollution in Arctic ecosystems. In the present study, the sea ice amphipod Gammarus wilkitzkii was exposed to a water soluble fraction (WSF) of oil in two experiments, using a rock column system. First, three groups of adult females were exposed for 36 days for control (n=9), low dose (n=10) (initial and final oil concentration: 14, 115 and 120 μ g/l) and high dose (n=10) (initial and final oil concentration: 78, 764 and 395 μ g/l). Total oxyradical scavenging capacity (TOSC), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase activity (CAT), respiration rate and mortality were measured. In the second experiment, moulting rate was measured in immature individuals of two groups, control (n=10) and exposed (n = 20), over 113 days. No mortality was observed in either of the experiments. There was a dose-related significant increase in respiration rate (40.69 (±22.82), 55.63 (±20.98), 94.57 (±22.80)) mg O₂ h^?1g ww^?1 in control, low dose and high dose, respectively. A higher MDA level was detected in the low dose group (25.04 (±6.00) nmol g^?1 of tissue) compared to both control (20.44 (±2.62) nmol g^?1 of tissue) and high dose groups (20.93 (±4.79) nmol g^?1 of tissue). Likewise, the low dose group had the highest value of TOSC towards hydroxyl (727.74 (±475.58), 1157.58 (±278.62), 1067.30 (±369.22) TOSC unit value mg^?1 of protein for control, low and high dose, respectively). Although no difference in the catalase activity between control and exposed groups was detected, higher activity was measured at 0 °C (average: 248 μ mol^?1 min^?1 mg^?1 of protein) than at the standard temperature for catalase measurement of 25 °C (average: 140 μ mol^?1 min^?1 mg^?1 of protein), indicating a need to optimise the standard operational procedure when working with Arctic organisms. No effect of WSF exposure on moulting rate was detected. In conclusion, little mortality was observed during the experiments, indicating some degree of tolerance levels. However, the biomarker results indicated sub-lethal effects in G. wilkitzkii after exposure to WSF.     

Evaluating the core: Critical assessment of core self‐evaluations theory

In 1997, Judge, Locke, and Durham published the core self‐evaluations (CSE) theory proposing that a multidimensional CSE construct, composed of emotional stability, self‐esteem, locus of control, and generalized self‐efficacy, accounts for individual differences in job satisfaction as well as in other organizational behavior outcomes. In this article, I argue that, despite ample evidence in support of the predictive validity of the CSE construct, the adequacy of including emotional stability, self‐esteem, locus of control, and generalized self‐efficacy as indicators of the CSE construct may be questionable, and I review evidence that points to limited convergent and discriminant validity of the CSE construct. I conclude the article with a few recommendations for advancing CSE theory and research. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

西藏那曲地区夏季降水中生物冰核的分布特征

于2013年6~10月在高海拔的西藏那曲地区采集雨水样品,共获得6月份和7月份两个有效样品.通过液滴冻结实验,对雨水样品中大于0.22μm的气溶胶颗粒物的冰核活性进行检测,同时对不同处理(原样雨水、滤液、添加蛋白变性剂、加热煮沸)的雨水样品的冻结温度进行检测.结果显示,6月份和7月份原样雨水样品的平均冻结温度分别为-13.3℃和-8.7℃.在-10℃以上,雨水样品中存在对蛋白变性剂和加热敏感的生物冰核,但不同月份雨水中的生物冰核对雨水液滴的冻结所起的贡献不同.7月份雨水样品中的高效生物冰核对液滴在较高温度下冻结起到主要的催化作用,而6月份雨水样品中的生物冰核对液滴冻结未起到显著作用.经0.22μm滤膜过滤的雨水滤液样品中,仍然存在高效生物冰核,但目前尚未确定其主要成分.通过对雨水样品中细菌16S rRNA基因和真菌rRNA内转录间隔区及5.8S rRNA的ITS1-5.8S-ITS2基因进行克隆测序分析,获得西藏那曲地区夏季6月份和7月份雨水样品中细菌和真菌的群落组成.发现微生物群落组成中包含了具有高效生物冰核活性的假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)细菌和镰刀菌属(Fusarium)真菌.     

粗糙集和熵权计算法在多因素指标评价中的应用

为了提高分析多因素指标评价中核心因素选取和权重计算的准确性,根据粗糙集处理数据的特点,以及熵权法计算权重的客观性,提出将粗糙集和熵权计算法结合进行核心因素选取和指标权重的计算。以土壤腐蚀多因素指标评价为例,针对其粗糙集应用中离散化数据时的失值问题,以及熵权计算法中无量纲化处理时标准的不统一,提出了土壤腐蚀等级的分类离散化方法和熵权计算法中无量纲化的同级变换公式,结果得到了2种方法计算数值的相互验证,增加了针对指标权重分析的应用性和可靠性。     

矿用钢丝绳芯阻燃胶带与坑木燃烧特性的实验研究

介绍了锥形量热仪的基本原理和测试方法,在辐射能量35kW/m2的条件下对煤矿井下使用的钢丝绳阻燃胶带和两种木材的燃烧特性进行了实验研究,得到了3种材料的燃烧特征参数。实验结果表明:在产生的CO、释放的热量、生成的烟雾量方面,落叶松均少于果松,因此,落叶松的火灾危害性较小。钢丝绳芯阻燃胶带在产生的CO、释放的热量、生成的烟雾等方面明显大于两种木材,其火灾危害性比远远大于木材,因此,对钢丝绳芯阻燃胶带火灾应给予足够的重视。     

地质灾害控灾因素的遥感地质分析--以藏南拉轨岗日地区为例

以实地调研数据为基础,在综合分析TM影像所提供的空间及光谱信息之后认为:(1)拉轨岗日变质核杂岩带通过其接触带中的断裂体系直接控制相应的地质灾害,通过所形成的构造地貌和特征水系对地质灾害的孕育、规模和强度产生间接影响;(2)拉轨岗日变质核杂岩带各个组成变质核杂岩的接触带及其外延的盖层区域因受构造变动的影响而成为崩塌、滑坡和泥石流等地质灾害的易发区域;(3)研究拉轨岗日变质核杂岩带的结构形式及成因模式可对地质灾害易发区域的圈绘起到指导作用.     

冰力作用下穿越河流输水管线的可靠性分析

针对我国北方河冰灾害情况,分析了冰力作用下穿越河流输水管道的受力情况,研究了其失效模式,提出了冰荷载的计算模型;在此基础上,建立了输水管道在冰荷载作用下安全裕度方程,提出了冰力作用下输水管线可靠性的计算方法,并结合实际计算,验证了方法的适用性.     

A COMPARISON OF GEOSTATISTICAL METHODOLOGIES USED TO ESTIMATE SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT1

ABSTRACT: The need to monitor and forecast water resources accurately, particularly in the western United States, is becoming increasingly critical as the demand for water continues to escalate. Consequently, the National Weather Service (NWS) has developed a geostatistical model that is used to obtain areal estimates of snow water equivalent (the thtal water content in all phases of the snowpack), a major source of water in the West. The areal snow water equivalent estimates are used to update the hydrologic simulation models maintained by the NWS and designed to produce extended streamflow forecasts for river systems throughout the United States. An alternative geostatistical technique has been proposed to estimate snow water equivalent. In this research, we describe the two methodologies and compare the accuracy of the estimates produced by each technique. We illustrate their application and compare their estimation accuracy using snow data collected in the North Fork Clearwater River basin in Idaho.