科学精准理解《“十三五”生态环境保护规划》的关键词和新提法

《"十三五"生态环境保护规划》是第九个五年环境保护规划,规划的编制面临新形势新要求,承载了大量新内容和新任务,在规划的理念、战略、领域、任务、支撑等方面都有显著的拓展与深化。本文通过对规划进行系统梳理,提炼出10个方面的关键词和新提法并逐一解读,以便于读者对规划深入理解和精准把握。     

天然太阳辐射作用下冰体中溶解性有机物组分的光降解

利用XAD树脂对沈阳市细河河水中的溶解性有机物(DOM)进行分级分离.按照DOM在XAD树脂上的吸附特性将其分为5个部分:疏水性有机酸(HPO-A)、疏水性中性有机物(HPO-N)、过渡亲水性有机酸(TPI-A)、过渡亲水性中性有机物(TPI-N)和亲水性有机物(HPI).研究了天然太阳辐射作用下冰体中DOM组分的光降解特性.结果表明:太阳辐射作用下,冰体中的5种DOM组分均会发生光降解,其中HPO-A的光降解程度最高.光照80 h后,冰体中HPO-A、HPO-N、TPI-A、TPI-N和HPI的UV-254去除率分别为43.4%、44.15%、45.9%、55.0%和58.8%.光降解作用对冰体中的荧光物质具有显著的去除效果.除了HPO-A中的类芳香族蛋白质荧光物质(Ⅰ)之外,DOM组分中的各类荧光物质的光降解程度均高于以DOC表征的整体有机物的光降解程度.光降解对DOM组分中类富里酸荧光物质和类腐殖酸荧光物质的去除效果优于对类溶解性微生物代谢产物荧光物质和类芳香族蛋白质荧光物质的去除效果.在冰体中DOM组分的光降解过程中,既发生THMs前体物的去除,也发生THMs前体物的生成.光降解使HPO-A中THMs前体物的量减少,使TPI-N中THMs前体物的量增加,而其他3种组分中THMs前体物的量的变化与光照时间有关.     

基于遥感技术的1988—2018年渤海海冰冰情时空变化特征

基于AVHRR、MODIS、GOCI遥感数据解译,构建了1988—2018年非连续日尺度冰情序列数据集,分析了渤海海冰冰情年际和年内时空变化特征。渤海冰情等级、年均海冰面积和年均海冰厚度均有明显的年际波动。海冰生消过程的日均面积和厚度变化呈现单峰型,且海冰面积和冰厚峰值均出现在1月25日。渤海海冰主要分布在辽东湾,其冬季结冰范围占渤海曾经结冰范围的70.58%,渤海中间区基本不结冰。海冰冰情指标与气象因子相关性分析结果表明：冻冰期海冰面积和冰厚相关系数最高的气象因子均是累积冻冰度日(CFDD);融冰期海冰面积相关系数最高的气象因子是3d-1.8℃积温,而冰厚则是累积融冰度日(CTDD)。据此选取CTDD、CFDD、3d-1.8℃积温及日最低气温四个指标建立多元非线性回归模型,并对冻冰期和融冰期分别拟合。进而对比分析2014—2018年海冰遥感提取面积与回归模型计算得到的海冰面积,其整体变化趋势一致,有一定的预测性。     

冰雪表面HNO3的紫外光解机理

利用308 nm激光与cavity ring-down spectroscopy技术对HNO3的气相与冰表面光解进行了研究,考察了其光解量子产额与吸收系数,结果表明,.OH+NO2*是其光解反应的主要通道;HNO3在253 K、308 nm冰表面的吸收系数为(1.21±0.31)×10-18cm2.molecule-1,比其在气相的吸收系数(1.24±0.19)×10-21 cm.2molecule-1(295 K)及(8.50±0.24)×10-22cm.2molecule-1(253 K)均高约3个数量级;HNO3在253K冰表面光解产生NO2*的量子产额为0.60±0.34.     

中亚热带杉木人工林冰雪灾害引发的林木损害及林地养分分布

对中亚热带被冰雪灾害破坏的杉木林地的杉木损害程度及其林地养分分布变化进行了调查,冻雨在杉木枝叶上形成冰柱,造成大量的林木折冠,林木折断的树干部位随胸径的增加而显著升高。树木残体的干质量达25987.6kg·hm-2,树干、枝、叶和皮分别占44%、27%、22%和7%。树木残体中叶、干、枝和皮的N、P和K储量分别占其N、P和K总储量的62%、18%、13%和7%。杉木林地的N、P、K3种养分的积累量为63294.5kg·hm-2,杉木残体的养分仅占杉木林地的0.23%,凋落物层的养分占0.09%,而土壤养分所占比例高达99.68%。3种养分数量在各组分中均为N〉K〉P。雨雪冰冻灾害造成的杉木折干增加了土壤肥力。林冠残体分解引起的养分含量下降,林冠破坏后几乎没有凋落物归还土壤,华南地区频降大雨造成的速效养分流失将使土壤变得贫瘠。     

重庆主城大气降尘中重金属污染特征及评价

为了解重庆主城大气降尘中重金属的污染特征及风险,于2017年12月至2018年11月,逐月监测了郊区、文教区和居住区等6个功能区的大气降尘,用AAS分析了其中Cd、Cr、Ni和Pb的含量,并结合潜在生态风险指数法和地累积指数法对降尘中的重金属污染进行了评价.结果表明,大气降尘中Cd、Cr、Ni和Pb含量(mg·kg^-1)和沉降通量[mg·(m²·a)^-1]分别为1.59和0.39、72.68和8.04、20.99和2.41、101.17和10.41,各功能区大气降尘秋季重金属含量显著高于其他3个季节,而各功能区的大气这4种重金属降尘通量总体表现为冬季显著低于其他3个季节.潜在生态危害指数和地累积指数显示,Cd有极高的生态危害和较高的污染,Cr、Ni和Pb造成的生态危害低,且污染也较低,工业居住混合区和交通枢纽具有高生态危害及较高的污染,郊区的生态危害和污染都相对较低.     

Study of dry ice formation during blowdown of CO₂-CH₄ from cryogenic distillation column

Cryogenic distillation columns are generally subjected to high-pressure loadings during the natural gas purification process. The high-pressure conditions inside the column cause safety risk e.g. rupture. When an emergency arises, blowdown is a typical way of minimizing the failure hazard. However, blowdown at the cryogenic conditions involves dry ice formation due to the rapid decrease in temperature driven by the Joule-Thomson effect. The dry ice formation intensifies the failure hazard due to the orifice blockage. Therefore, optimization of blowdown parameters is necessary to avoid the dry ice formation. So far, very limited studies are available in the literature for the blowdown of CO₂-CH₄ mixture, especially at the cryogenic conditions. In this study, a computational investigation followed by the experimental validation is accomplished to analyze the dry ice formation during blowdown of CO₂-CH₄ binary mixture from the cryogenic distillation column. The composition of mixture, orifice size, and initial conditions inside vessel have a high impact on blowdown path. A 3.00 mm orifice is the most suitable size for the blowdown at cryogenic conditions as it doesn't promote solidification and discharges the inventory quickly. Based on the experimental observation, an empirical correlation is also developed to instantly find out the optimum blowdown parameters.     

深圳湾生态系统多环芳烃(PAHs)特征及其生态危害

2004年在深圳湾海域采集海水、悬浮物、表层沉积物和柱状沉积物样品,并分析其中15种多环芳烃的含量及其相关参数,同时采用210Pb法测定柱状沉积物的年龄.结果表明,海水、悬浮物、表层沉积物和柱状沉积物中总的PAHs含量分别为(69.4±24.7)ng·L-1、(429.1±231.8)ng·g-1、(353.8±128.1)ng·g-1和(321.1±134.6)ng·g-1,各介质优势组分均为菲、荧蒽和芘;1948～2004年期间,深圳湾柱状沉积物中PAH各单体的浓度总体上一直在增加,PAHs的平均沉积通量为89.9ng/(cm2·a);PAH各单体在沉积物/海水中的分配系数(Koc)与其相应的辛醇/水比(Kow)存在明显的正相关性,即可用PAH的Kow值来预测深圳湾海域PAH的Koc.目前,水体与沉积物中PAH含量对该海域的水生生物尚未构成威胁.     

西藏四江流域自然保护区规划设计研究

针对西藏四江流域自然保护区生态保护与经济的和谐发展,研究了相关影响因子模型,通过调整相关影响因子,就可以在土地利用图的基础上对四江流域自然保护区内核心区、缓冲区、发展区作一个合理的规划。     

CO2 transportation for carbon capture and storage: Sublimation of carbon dioxide from a dry ice bank

Climate change is being caused by greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO₂). Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is of interest to the scientific community as one way of achieving significant global reductions of atmospheric CO₂ emissions in the medium term. CO₂ would be captured from large stationary sources such as power plants and transported via pipelines under high pressure conditions to underground storage. If a downward leakage from a surface transportation system module occurs, the CO₂ would undergo a large temperature reduction and form a bank of “dry ice” on the ground surface; the sublimation of the gas from this bank represents an area source term for subsequent atmospheric dispersion, with an emission rate dependent on the energy balance at the bank surface. Gaseous CO₂ is denser than air and tends to remain close to the surface; it is an asphyxiant, a cerebral vasodilator and at high concentrations causes rapid circulatory insufficiency leading to coma and death. Hence a subliming bank of dry ice represents safety hazard. A model is presented for evaluating the energy balance and sublimation rate at the surface of a solid frozen CO₂ bank under different environmental conditions. The results suggest that subliming gas behaves as a proper dense gas (i.e. it remains close to the ground surface) only for low ambient wind speeds.