Current Practices and Future Opportunities for Policy on Climate Change and Invasive Species

Abstract:  Climate change and invasive species are often treated as important, but independent, issues. Nevertheless, they have strong connections: changes in climate and societal responses to climate change may exacerbate the impacts of invasive species, whereas invasive species may affect the magnitude, rate, and impact of climate change. We argue that the design and implementation of climate-change policy in the United States should specifically consider the implications for invasive species; conversely, invasive-species policy should address consequences for climate change. The development of such policies should be based on (1) characterization of interactions between invasive species and climate change, (2) identification of areas where climate-change policies could negatively affect invasive-species management, and (3) identification of areas where policies could benefit from synergies between climate change and invasive-species management.     

珠江澳门河口沉积物柱样中有机氯农药的垂直分布特征

以GC/ECD内标法定量测定了沉积物柱样品中有机氯农药含量 ,以便探讨柱样中有机氯农药的垂直变化特征及可能的来源 .样品采自珠江澳门河口 ,柱样以2 10 Pb同位素法定年 .定量测定结果表明以BHCs、DDTs总量计算时 ,样品中含量分别为 0 4 8～ 2 6 2 8ng/ g、1 92～ 39 1 3ng/ g .柱样中农药含量随深度变化和珠江口区的水域水流量随年份的变化有着很好的对应性 .有机氯农药主要是来源于施用农药长期风化后的土壤 .样品中DDTs的浓度超过了河口沉积物化学品风险评价最低值标准 .     

晋江河口沉积物重金属污染历史与来源

为研究沉积物重金属元素的主要来源,分别采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法和冷原子吸收法,测定了晋江河口柱状沉积物中15种重金属元素(Pb、Sr、Cr、Cd、Zn、Cu、Fe、Mn、V、Ni、Co、Cs、Sn、Sb和Hg)的质量分数,结合210Pb定年技术,运用Pb、Sr同位素示踪技术及多元统计分析方法(聚类分析法),探讨沉积物中15种重金属元素的垂向分布特征及污染历史. 结果表明:①近300 a来晋江河口受到不同程度的重金属污染. ②柱状沉积物中的Pb主要来自于上游流域的采矿活动(贡献率为47.5%~83.7%)和土壤母质(贡献率为16.3%~52.5%). ③沉积物的87Sr/86Sr为0.716 37~0.719 26,高于人为源(≤0.711 72),说明沉积物中的Sr受人类活动影响较小,主要来源于土壤母质. ④聚类分析结果显示,15种重金属元素可分两大类,Ⅰ类为Sr、Hg、Cr、V、Ni和Cs,以自然源为主;Ⅱ类为Pb、Fe、Mn、Zn、Cd、Sb、Sn、Cu和Co,以人为源为主,主要与上游流域的采矿活动有关.      

以脱水污泥为接种污泥促进好氧污泥颗粒化

以脱水造粒形成的物理颗粒污泥为接种污泥,明显提高了好氧污泥颗粒化速度.研究结果表明：在第20d,接种物理颗粒污泥的R2中90%以上的污泥粒径即大于0.2mm,而接种絮状污泥的R1中只有26.7%.颗粒化过程中,接种物理颗粒污泥的R2中SVI始终小于80mL/g沉降性能良好,第25d时污泥浓度为6300mg/L,而R1为3200mg/L.脱水过程未对污泥活性造成明显影响,培养期间两者COD去除率均大于90%,但培养后期R2中TN的去除率约为70%,明显优于R1的55%,其主要原因为R2中的污泥粒径大于R1.经过5d的曝气剪切后仍有39.8%的物理颗粒污泥大于0.2mm,为颗粒化提供了大量诱导核,同时物理颗粒污泥内部营养传输孔道的形成与EPS的內源消化和反硝化产气有关.     

唐山生态城市建设核心指标体系与评价

以我国东部沿海重工业城市—唐山市为例,通过分析其背景及发展特色,应用层次分析法结合专家评价法构建了一套唐山生态城市建设核心指标体系。体系主要包括4类1级指标、13类2级指标和49类3级指标,同时采用线性加权法计算得出唐山生态城市建设过程中不同发展阶段的生态化水平。结果表明,唐山市现阶段已经处于较高的生态化水平;2015年综合指数值可望处于Ⅰ级生态化水平,基本达到生态城市标准;且有望在2020—2030年建成中等发达国家水平的生态化城市。     

淮河盱眙段柱状沉积物中PAHs分布及生态风险评价

通过对淮河盱眙段柱状沉积物中16种优先控制的PAHs污染物进行GC-MS定量分析,结合210Pb同位素定年,重现了该区域多环芳烃的污染历史. 研究表明, 在柱状沉积物中整个沉积剖面(0～45 cm)w(PAHs)为102.9～306.9 　ng/g(以干质量计). 20世纪30年代以后w(PAHs)总体呈下降趋势,但自进入21世纪以来w(PAHs)呈逐年上升趋势,并在2008年达到最高值. 从柱状沉积物的w(2～3环PAHs)/w(4环PAHs)来看,淮河盱眙段沉积物中PAHs污染的历史来源主要是石油类污染. 对照有关沉积物的生态风险评价标准,表层与底层芴出现了负面生态效应,而其他层面的潜在生态风险很小.      

Chemical fractionation of metals in core sediments of Orogodo River,southern Nigeria

Sequential chemical extraction of metals (Cu, Ni, Mn, Fe, Pb, Cr, and Zn) from core sediments of the Orogodo River was carried out with a view of providing information on the phase distribution of these metals with respect to depths and seasons. The results indicate that copper was speciated into organic matter/sulfide, Fe–Mn oxides, and residual forms at 0–5?cm depth while at deeper sections copper was predominantly in the residual form. Nickel was speciated mainly into Fe–Mn oxides and residual forms. The average of lead in various particulate phases of the sediment are 0–100% for residual; 0–8% for carbonate; 0–16.2% for exchangeable; 0–10% for organic matter/sulfide form and 22–56% for Fe–Mn oxides bound metals. Manganese was speciated into exchangeable (10–36%) and Fe–Mn oxides bound (10–48%) at the surface layers of 0–20?cm depths and predominantly in the residual form in deeper sections implying partitioning into trioctahydral clay and/or well-defined crystalline oxides. Iron was predominantly in the Fe–Mn oxides and residual fractions, less than 8% in the organic fraction, and 24.4–37.3% in the exchangeable and carbonates fractions at the surface. The percentage contributions of iron in the exchangeable and carbonate fractions decreased to 3.2% at 55–60?cm depth. The amount of chromium in the exchangeable fraction ranged from 0% to 7% for exchangeable; 0–26.5% for organic matter/sulfide bound; 3.8–17.9% for Fe–Mn oxides; and 46.8–100% for residual fraction. The mobility factors of the metals indicated that these metals were relatively mobile at top sections as compared with deeper sections. The overall picture of metal mobility and availability indicates potential contamination risk by Fe, Zn, Mn, and Pb in the Orogodo River sediment system.     

海洋延寿平台随机冰激响应与损伤评估

直立结构上冰力作用是国际海洋石油工程界研究的一个热点,尽管很多学者建立了各种冰力破碎模型,但是这些理论模型实现对冰与直立结构交互作用过程的量化模拟还存有较多困难.针对胜利油田大量海上平台超期服役现状,选择渤海现场实测的随机冰力时程曲线,考虑腐蚀减薄、桩基冲刷、海生物附着等服役损伤,建立海洋延寿平台结构有限元模型,研究随机冰力作用下海洋延寿平台构件的时程响应,采用疲劳等效应力幅来描述随机冰激疲劳应力过程产生的疲劳效应,最后基于Miner线性累积疲劳损伤模型采用S-N曲线法评估平台构件的疲劳损伤,该方法为进行可适合工程应用的渤海延寿平台疲劳评估提供了思路.     

放空管设计对超临界CO2管道放空影响研究

与天然气管道相比,超临界CO2管道放空时的降压可能导致管道内的低温,甚至形成干冰对管道及设备造成损伤,危害管道安全。针对超 临界CO2放空过程可能出现的潜在风险,建立了超临界CO2管道放空计算模型,借助OLGA软件对超临界CO2管道放空进行了稳态和动态模拟,并研 究放空管设计对管道放空的热力水力影响。研究表明:超临界CO2管道放空时管道沿线上各点之间的压力、温度变化差异不大;CO2首先由超临 界相变为气相,然后沿着气液相平衡线或气固相平衡线进行,管内温度降到一定值后逐步回升至管道埋地温度;放空管的直径对超临界CO2管道 放空过程的总时间、放空速率、最大温降以及是否生成干冰有直接影响;放空管高度对放空过程管内参数变化几乎无影响。     

公路桥梁发热电缆除冰系统试验研究

发热电缆加热桥面融雪化冰对于保障公路桥梁交通安全具有重要意义。制作了600mm×600mm×380mm的桥梁试件,通过低温人工环境室对 试件上表面结冰和融冰过程进行了模型试验。结果表明:在恒定线功率30W/m条件下,90mm间距发热电缆融冰系统的融冰能力要远大于140mm间 距融冰系统;若在90mm间距电缆敷设层采用隔热材料和SMA-13沥青上面层采用导热沥青,则可以缩短融冰时间,提高除冰能力;为有效防止桥 面结冰,桥面温度宜控制在2.5~3.0℃之间。研究结果对桥梁除冰系统设计和运行控制提供参考。