Dissipation of Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Biosolids Applied to Nonirrigated Farmland in Eastern Colorado

In 2007, a 1.5‐year field‐scale study was initiated by the U.S. Geological Survey to evaluate the dissipation of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) following a first agronomic biosolids application to nonirrigated farmland. CECs with the greatest decrease in concentration in the surface biosolids at 180 days post‐application included indole, d‐limonene, p‐cresol, phenol, and skatol. CECs that were present in the largest concentration in 180‐day‐weathered biosolids included stanols, nonylphenols, bisphenol A, bis(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate, hexahydrohexamethyl cyclopenta‐benzopyran (HHCB), and triclosan. CECs that were detected in pre‐application soil were 3‐beta coprostanol, skatol, acetophenone, beta‐sitosterol, beta‐stigmastanol, cholesterol, indole, p‐cresol, and phenol, most of which are biogenic sterols or fragrances that have natural plant sources in addition to anthropogenic sources, yet their concentrations increased (in some cases, substantially) following biosolids application. Preliminary data indicate the nonylphenols (including NPEO1, NPEO2), OPEO1, benzo[a]pyrene, diethyl phthalate, d‐limonene, HHCB, triclosan, and possibly 3‐beta coprostanol, skatol, beta‐sitosterol, cholesterol, indole, and p‐cresol, migrated downward through the soil by 468 days post‐application, but indicated little uptake by mature wheat plants. This study indicates that some CECs are sufficiently persistent and mobile to be vertically transported into the soil column following biosolids applications to the land surface, even in semiarid regions.     

臭氧污染对我国粮食安全影响及其减缓应对措施

近年来不断扩大和加重的臭氧（O₃）污染,越来越受到社会各界的高度关注.基于国内外O₃对农作物产量影响的相关研究结果,本文综合分析了O₃对我国主要农作物产量的影响程度及其区域分布.结果表明：我国部分地区严重的空气O₃污染,已经造成主要粮食作物（如小麦、水稻、玉米和大豆等）产量损失,特别是小麦产量损失可达10%以上.O₃对我国粮食产量造成损失最大的地区集中在我国东部,尤其是黄淮海平原的小麦产量损失最为严重.因此,从保障我国粮食安全角度,应该加强O₃对农作物生产影响模拟实验和科学评估研究.在开展O₃污染防控的同时,应该积极推广减缓O₃对农作物危害的政策和技术措施.     

Dissipation of the triketone mesotrione herbicide in the soil of corn crops grown on different soil types

The new triketone herbicide mesotrione corresponds to the older sulcotrione in which the 2‐chloro benzoyl substituent is replaced by a nitro group, generating an herbicide of greater efficiency and a broader spectrum of activity. Mesotrione has been applied within the same 15 days period pre‐emergence at the rate of 150gha^‐1 to four corn crops made at different sites located 40 km apart in Belgium and of soils of different textures, but similar pH and organic matter (old humus) contents. The mesotrione soil half‐life in the 0–10 cm surface soil layer (which contained more than 90% of the residue) was 50 days in loam soil (at Zarlardinge), 41 days in sandy loam soil (at Melle) and in clay soil (at Koksijde), and 34 days in sandy soil (at Zingem). The cumulative effects of the recent organic fertilizer treatments and of the soil texture could explain the differences between the soil half‐lives. The time for the 90% dissipation of mesotrione was between 3.6 (in the sandy soil) to 4.7 months (in the sandy loam, loam and clay soils). The low mesotrione soil residues remaining after the corn harvest should disappear with the usual heavy rains in autumn, and the tilling which precedes the following crop and dilutes the mesotrione soil residue. These low mesotrione soil residues thus should have no phytotoxicity toward the following crop, especially at the lower application dose of 100 g mesotrione ha^‐1 used in practice.     

辽河流域高氟地区氟对人体健康的影响

研究了辽河流域高氟地区土壤、作物、饮用水中氟含量,并应用目前美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价模型对辽河流域高氟地区饮用水中氟所引起的健康风险进行初步评价。研究表明：研究区饮用水中氟质量浓度为0．70—4．51mg·L^-1;白菜根土中氟质量分数为182—484mg·kg^-1,萝卜根土质量分数为182～352mg·kg^-1,玉米根土中氟质量分数为209～1254mg·kg^-1;白菜可食部分氟质量分数为0．51～2．96mg·kg^-1,萝卜可食部分氟质量分数为0．34～0．50mg·kg^-1,玉米果实部分氟质量分数为0．88～1．04mg·kg^-1。通过饮用水、食物途径所致健康风险中,食人途径、饮用水途径非致癌物年健康风险分别为1．920×10^-9·a^-1,1．960×10^-8·a^-1,均低于国际辐射防护委员会（ICRP）推荐的通过饮水途径最大可接受风险水平（5×10^-5·a^-1）。     

贵州省铜仁汞矿区汞污染特征研究

铜仁汞矿位于铜仁市碧江区云场坪镇,曾是贵州省最大的汞矿之一。为了了解该矿在闭坑后矿区的汞污染特征,采集了矿区的大气、水体、矿渣、土壤和农作物样品,分析了汞的分布特征。结果表明,矿区大气汞浓度为7.29~139 ng·m~(-3)、地表水汞浓度为81.6~4.25×103ng·L~(-1)、矿渣汞含量为2.79~510 mg·kg~(-1)、土壤汞含量为3.06~2.92×103mg·kg~(-1)。可见,大气、水体、矿渣和土壤中的汞含量远高于对照区或国家相关标准。共采集了10种农作物玉米(Zea mays L)、高粱(Chinese sorghum)、枣(Ziziphus jujuba Mill)、梨(Pyrus spp)、茄子(Solanum melongena)、丝瓜(Luffa cylindrica)、西红柿(Lycopersicon esculentum)、南瓜(Cucurbita moschata duchesne)、苦瓜(Balsam pear)和辣椒(Capsicum annuum),除了茄子和南瓜外,其余农作物可食部分的汞含量都高于国家《食品安全国家标准》。综上所述,铜仁汞矿开采和冶炼带来的汞污染已严重影响周边生态环境和食品安全,矿区汞污染不容忽视。     

中国耕地利用投入的时空差异

耕地投入量在不同农作物间配置格局转变的信息对于国家制定粮食安全政策非常重要。论文在将农作物划分为谷物作物、豆类作物、油料作物、纤维作物、糖料作物和蔬菜作物的基础上,测算了我国耕地利用投入,并进一步分析了耕地利用投入及其内部构成的时空差异。结果表明:①我国耕地利用投入从1998年的27.67×10¹⁰元增加到2011年的38.15×10¹⁰元,1999年起蔬菜作物投入超过谷物作物,我国耕地利用的投入格局已从谷物作物转向蔬菜作物;②耕地利用高投入的省份集中在黄淮海平原,低投入的省份主要分布在西北地区,耕地利用投入增长集中于北方和西南省份;③我国粮食主产省份的谷物作物投入比例大,东部沿海地区的蔬菜作物投入比例大;④种植集约度上升对经济较发达省份的谷物和蔬菜作物投入增长具有明显的推动作用,而大多数西部省份的谷物和蔬菜作物投入增长的主要原因为播种面积增加。     

Mobility and adsorption of the triketone herbicide mesotrione in the soil of corn crops

The triketone herbicide mesotrione has been applied pre‐emergence at the dose of 150 g a.i. ha^?1 on corn fields grown within the same period of time at different sites on clay, loam, sandy loam or sandy soils. During the crops and one month after the corn harvest, the mobility of mesotrione has been measured in the 0–20 cm surface soil layer, soil samples being taken in the 0–2,2–4,4–6,6–8, 8–10, 10–15 and 15–20 cm surface soil layers. During the first month after the treatment, mesotrione remained in the 0–2 cm surface soil layer. Thereafter, mesotrione was at a higher concentration in a 2 cm‐thick soil layer which progressively moved down in the clay, loam and sandy loam soils. In the sand soil, mesotrione moved down as a uniform diffusion, its concentration being similar in all the 2 cm‐thick layers of the 0–10 cm soil surface layer. Low mesotrione residues (6–10 ug kg^?1 dry soil) attained the 10–15 cm layer faster in the clay and sand soils than in the loam and sandy loam soils. Mesotrione was not detected in the 15–20 cm soil layer of the loam and sandy loam soils, but well in the sand and clay soils. In the soils of the corn crops mesotrione thus mainly remained in the 0–10 cm surface soil layer. This low mobility and depth of penetration conjugated to the rate of mesotrione soil degradation explain why there was no movement of mesotrione toward the deeper soil layers. The adsorption of mesotrione was greatest on the soils recently treated with organic fertilizers, and having a loam or sandy loam texture. The adsorption coefficients explained the lower mobility and the greatest persistence of mesotrione in these soils.     

Assessment of metals in fourteen species of vegetables and crops cultivated in a suburban area using multivariate analyses

Concentrations of seven metals (Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn) were determined in 14 plant species including vegetables and crops from an agricultural area located at the Southern part of the Iranian capital, near the Tehran oil refinery. Different statistical methods, especially multivariate ones, were employed for the analysis of the results. Based on the results of agglomerative hierarchical method for clustering of the grid cells, some similarities between the dendrograms of Pb, Ni, and V and, furthermore, between Mn and Cr were observed that could be attributed to their similar distribution sources in the study area. The principal component analysis showed that with respect to accumulation of all the metals in the plant species, two main groups could be identified. The highest mean concentrations of all metals (except for Pb) were found in onions. In all plants the mean concentrations of Cd and Pb were considerably higher than limits stated in international guidelines for human consumption. The levels of the metals in onions exceeded these limits. Moreover, the Cr concentrations in mint and basil and the Zn concentrations in tarragon and parsley were higher than the established limits.     

Hydrolytic biodegradation of chlorothalonil in the soil and in cabbage crops

Broccoli and Chinese cabbage crops were treated at planting by pouring an emulsion of the fungicide chlorothalonil around the stem of the plant. During culture, chlorothalonil was biodegraded in soil into l,3‐dicarbamoyl‐2,4,5,6‐tetrachlorobenzene (compound 1), l,3‐dicyano‐4‐hydroxy‐2,5,6‐trichlorobenzene (compound 2), and l‐carbamoyl‐3‐cyano‐4‐hydroxy‐2,5,6‐trichlorobenzene (compound 3). Compounds 1 and 2 were the major metabolites in soil. In the harvested broccoli (in the flower) and Chinese cabbages (the leaves), the concentrations of chlorothalonil and of compounds 1 and 2 were lower respectively than 0.1, 0.1 and 0.5mg/kg fresh weight.     

民勤绿洲种植业结构调整及其对农作物需水量的影响

论文引入虚拟水理论,构建种植业结构调整需水模型,分析近33 a民勤绿洲种植业结构调整对农作物需水量的影响。结果表明：1）民勤绿洲粮食作物、经济作物与其他作物面积比重之比由1978年的84∶12∶4调整为2010年的25∶72∶3。粮食作物播种面积比重的下降主要是由小麦播种面积比重的快速减少所致。2）民勤绿洲农作物需水总量由1978年的2.15×10⁸ m³增加到2010年的2.49×10⁸ m³,粮食作物和经济作物需水总量之比由1978年的88∶12变化为2010年的31∶69。3）民勤绿洲种植业结构调整的生态节水效应在不同时段存在差异,1979—1998年,种植业结构调整对于农作物需水而言,未起到节水作用;1999—2008年,种植业结构调整的节水效果明显;2009—2010年,种植业结构的进一步调整导致需水量的快速增加,未起到节水作用。单位面积需水量较高的蔬菜、小麦、玉米等5种农作物面积比重之和的大小对节水效果起到决定性作用。