Patience is a virtue: Problems of regulatory governance in the Indonesian mining sector

Mining investment in Indonesia has been at a standstill for a decade. Clearly. international mining companies regard the country as a high risk destination for capital. Yet Indonesia is one of the most highly mineralised countries in the world and has expressed a desire to increase investment in the sector in the coming years. As a first step in this direction the government has introduced a new mineral and coal mining law to replace the highly regarded Contract of Work system. The government argues that this new law will reinvigorate mining investment in the country. This paper suggests that the new mining law will do little to improve the situation. Indeed, it is unlikely that Indonesia will become a preferred destination for mining investment in the foreseeable future. Poor regulatory architecture, endemic corruption, and a lack of institutional capacity continue to be of concern to investors.     

Statistical considerations of progressive value and risk in mineral exploration

Financial markets recognise maximisation of expected value (E), in an essentially risk-neutral context, as the main corporate financial objective of private enterprise. This may be valid for large, integrated mining companies. Yet, most junior and middle-size exploration companies behave in a risk-averse fashion when making decisions about progressively more expensive exploration programs. From their perspective, a potential increase in expected value from either an increase in target value or related probability of discovery, or both, may not be a sufficient incentive to embark in an exploration programme if the resultant increase in expected value is accompanied by a significant increase in possible maximum loss. Risk-averse explorers may be unwilling to bear larger, albeit less probable losses, when the cost of successive exploration programmes is taken into account. The paper provides a practical methodology for such explorers to optimise the decision whether to progress to the next stage of exploration or to farm out a risky project. It uses a decision-tree model incorporating the effectiveness of the proposed exploration programme, the explorer's risk tolerance and related utility values and the probability distribution of the possible value of the exploration target.     

化学还原氧化石墨烯修饰PbO2电极及催化降解酸性红G

为了提高Ti/PbO₂电极的稳定性与催化氧化能力,将化学还原氧化石墨烯（RGO）以共沉积的方法修饰于β-PbO₂层.通过扫描电镜（SEM）,X射线衍射仪（XRD）,循环伏安法（CV）,电化学交流阻抗（EIS）,产羟基自由基（·OH）能力,强化寿命等测试方法对电极性能进行表征,并以酸性红G（ARG）为目标降解物,评估PbO₂-RGO电极的催化效果.结果表明,电极经RGO改性后晶型仍为β-PbO₂,析氧过电位由1.60V升至1.83V,膜阻抗由144 Ω/cm²降至16.2 Ω/cm²,强化寿命提升了43.6%.通过ARG降解实验表明,改性后的PbO₂-RGO电极催化性能均有所提高,其中PbO₂-RGO（0.05）电极具有最优的催化能力,120min内对ARG的脱色率可达到98.5%,同时对COD的去除率可达76.89%.     

耐高盐撕裂蜡孔菌P2对模拟橙黄G染料废水的脱色及废水脱色前后的毒性测试

为评价撕裂蜡孔菌P2处理橙黄G染料废水的应用潜力,采用批次实验在开敞系统中研究静置与摇动、染料初始浓度、pH、温度、盐度、碳源、氮源、金属离子等因子对该菌降解橙黄G染料废水的影响,同时利用植物萌发与微生物抑菌试验进行染料与脱色溶液的毒性测试.结果表明,与摇动培养相比,静置培养更适合于撕裂蜡孔菌的脱色,最适脱色pH与温度分别为9和25℃.盐度测试结果显示撕裂蜡孔菌能在浓度为128 g L-1的盐溶液中能进行高效脱色,可达70%以上.在上述参数体系的优化基础上,分别进行了碳源、氮源与金属离子的添加优化实验,结果显示碳源、氮源与金属离子的最适浓度分别为4 g L-1葡萄糖、0.15 g L-1硝酸铵和0.1 mmol L-1 Zn2+.菌丝吸附在整个脱色过程中作用较小,撕裂蜡孔菌对橙黄G的脱色过程以酶的降解为主,未发现该菌分泌漆酶,只分泌锰过氧化物酶与木质素过氧化物酶,其最高活性分别为230 U mL-1和158 U mL-1.植物与微生物毒性分析显示撕裂蜡孔菌脱色后的产物对植物与微生物的毒性大大降低.因此,撕裂蜡孔菌对于处理橙黄G染料废水具有良好的应用潜力.     

高校突发公共事件应急管理能力评价研究

针对目前我国高校应对突发公共事件能力不高的问题,应用霍尔三维结构,对时间维、逻辑维和知识维三个维度综合分析,利用指标体系构建的各种方法和工具建立了从应急管理全过程出发、遵循指标体系构建过程的能全面反映高校应急管理能力水平的评价指标体系;应用G1法对应急管理能力的各评价指标进行赋权,确定各指标的权重;利用专家打分法并结合实例对天津市某高校的应急管理能力进行评价并根据评价结果有针对性地提出完善措施和建议。     

The impact of commodity price risk management on the profits of a company

It is well recognized that for the producing companies hedging the commodity price using financial products like forwards or futures has become an important part of the company's production process. But apart from the direct impacts of hedging on the production and hedging costs the use of financial products affects the financing of the company: hedging the volatile commodity prices leads to a reduction of the risk premium the company has to pay for its debt capital, since hedging contributes to more confidence of the investors in the redemption of the debt. In this paper we therefore analyze this dependency of hedging and financing and derive optimal hedging extents for companies in different market situations based on a long-term model. By hedging the commodity price, companies can realize a surplus in profits. Thereby, the optimal hedging extent for a monopolist is often up to 100%, whereas for companies in a polypolistic market the optimum is always less than 100%. These results are illustrated by examples for a producing company.     

基于G1法与熵权法的社区居民安全素养评价模型

为提高居民自身的安全素养,本文首先采用文献研究的方法,基于WSR理论初步建立社区居民安全素养评价指标体系;然后通过专家访谈采用G1法确定指标主观权重,通过调研问卷采用熵权法确定指标客观权重,之后使用方差最大化方法确定主客观组合权重,进而建立起居民安全素养综合评价指标模型,并获得各指标重要性排序;最后使用所建立的评价模型对某一老旧小区进行案例应用,获得该老旧社区居民安全素养评分为0.71,居民安全素养等级为中等。结果表明,本文所建立的指标体系可用于社区居民安全素养的评价,为社区进一步提升居民安全能力提供参考。     

焦炉煤气用于气体悬浮焙烧炉安全性分析

从安全角度对焦炉爆气在气体悬浮焙烧炉3套煤气燃烧器、安全联锁、预防泄漏、防止爆炸、自动检测的安全性进行了分析论证。     

碳纳米管活化过一硫酸盐降解金橙G过程及动力学

采用碳纳米管(CNT)作为固体活化剂,活化过一硫酸盐(PMS)氧化降解偶氮染料金橙G(OG).结果表明,CNT活化PMS降解OG的效果要比活性炭(GAC)好,45 min可使OG的脱色率达到99%;并研究了CNT活化PMS降解OG的机制及反应过程的动力学,发现CNT活化PMS产生的自由基主要是SO_4~-·,活化场所在CNT的表面.通过对CNT/PMS体系降解OG的主要影响因素(温度、OG初始浓度、CNT投加量、PMS浓度、初始pH)进行一级动力学拟合.最后通过紫外可见光谱分析,发现OG在479 nm和330 nm处吸收峰强度明显减少,表明OG分子中偶氮键及萘环结构均一定程度被破坏;且CNT/PMS降解体系对染料OG具有一定矿化率.     

Sn(Ⅳ)掺杂纳米TiO2/AC降解橙黄G的动力学与机理研究

采用溶胶凝胶法制备了掺杂Sn(Ⅳ)的TiO2/AC光催化剂,以生物染料橙黄G为目标降解物,研究了多相光催化降解橙黄G的动力学规律.研究表明,该反应符合Langmuir-Hinshelwood动力学方程,速控步为吸附反应.同时,利用GC/MS联用仪探讨了橙黄的中间产物及其降解机理:橙黄G在强氧化性自由基·OH、·OOH、·O2-的作用下逐渐分解氧化为小分子有机醛、酮、酸,最后转化为CO2、NH4 、NO3-、NO2-、SO42-和H2O等无机小分子.