CAST分段进水强化脱氮工艺特性研究

CAST分段进水强化脱氮工艺技术采用优化运行时序、调整充水比等方法,在污废水处理中利用原水中的有机物作为反硝化碳源,具有较好的脱氮性能,在节省外加碳源投加量的基础上,不仅保持了传统CAST工艺的优点,强化了脱氮效果,并且在系统启动时间、抗冲击能力、污泥负荷承担能力和节能降耗方面也均优于水厂传统的CAST系统,值得大范围推广应用。     

Agronomic Water Mass Balance vs. Well Measurement for Assessing Ogallala Aquifer Depletion in the Texas Panhandle

The Ogallala Aquifer is depleting faster than it is being replenished. Interpretation of well data suggests that the water table in some counties is not declining, or not as much as might be expected in view of the amount of land being irrigated. As the Ogallala Aquifer in the Texas Panhandle receives almost no recharge, a possible explanation is that the current method of using well data for estimating the quantity of water remaining in the aquifer is underestimating water in storage. This study used an agronomic water mass balance approach to estimate how much water has been used for irrigation compared to amounts estimated by well data. The major finding was in counties where irrigation well capacities have declined significantly but irrigation is continuing, there is likely more water in storage than presently estimated, but the amounts of water being used for irrigation in those counties are greater than estimated changes of water in storage. The proposed hypothesis for this difference is there are mounds of water between wells that are not being accounted for and data are presented and discussed to support this conjecture.     

西北干旱区旱地玉米叶面积指数与气象因子及生物量的关系

利用甘肃省西峰农业气象试验站1994-2008年玉米试验观测资料,对玉米的LAI变化规律,温度、光合有效辐射对LAI的影响,LAI对50 cm土层土壤贮水量、生物量及产量因子的影响进行了分析。结果表明,三叶期-乳熟期LAI随着出苗后的天数呈S曲线变化。缓慢增长期出现在8~28 d;快速增长期出现在28~74 d;缓慢下降期出现在74~103 d。叶片含水率以0.9%/10 d的速度线性下降。各试验年份间,降水差异较大,变异系数为31%~92%;其次为≥10℃有效积温;光合有效辐射比较稳定。从播种到乳熟期,各年份的气象要素值趋于平均值。LAI与≥10℃有效积温及光合有效辐射呈幂函数变化,有效积温500℃及光合有效辐射值250 MJ/m²是LAI累积速度变化的转折点。≥10℃有效积温500~1 000℃及光合有效辐射800~1 000 MJ/m²是LAI快速增长的阶段。随着LAI的增大,50 cm土层贮水量呈线性减少。LAI对生物量的影响可用幂函数描述,最利于生物量累积的LAI值为3.5,较为适宜的种植密度为60 000株/hm²。七叶期-拔节期阶段LAI与产量因子的相关性较差,抽雄期-乳熟期阶段LAI与产量因子的相关性显著。在一定范围内,抽雄期LAI的增大对提高玉米的经济产量有利。     

催化分解N_2O催化剂的研究新进展

直接催化分解N2O技术已成为当前国内外工业脱除N2O应用研究的主流和发展方向,催化剂是技术核心。综述了贵金属、金属氧化物、沸石以及其他用于分解N2O的新型固体催化剂的最新研究现状。对催化剂的研究方法、思路进行了评述,总结了现存的问题,并展望了直接催化分解N2O催化剂未来的发展方向。其中,沸石类催化剂由于高活性和结构稳定性,有望成为理想的商用催化剂。     

基于KPCA-LSSVM的矿井工作面动力环境安全评价模型

为实现对采前工作面所处动力环境的客观、准确评价,选取9个直接影响工作面 动力环境的指标因素构建安全评价指标体系,建立基于核主成分分析(KPCA)和最小二乘 支持向量机(LSSVM)的工作面动力环境多因素耦合安全评价智能模型。首先根据KPCA理 论对评价指标施行简约化处理,剔除冗余信息,得出6个简约后的评价指标并输入LSSVM 模型中训练学习,最后得到评价模型。选取从平顶山矿区和大同矿区搜集到的30组工作 面历史数据,按照20∶10的比例对模型进行训练和测试,并将测试结果与其他四种模型 结果进行了对比,结果表明:KPCA方法可有效减少数据信息冗余,利用KPCA优化的 LSSVM模型可准确评价工作面动力环境,误判率为0。     

南方稻区季节性干旱农户适应行为及其影响因素实证分析

气候异常给我国粮食生产带来的影响成为当前社会各界关注的焦点。受全球气候变暖影响,大范围持续性干旱成为农业生产的最严重威胁,特别是近年来南方稻区季节性干旱问题日趋严重,已严重危害到我国经济社会的和谐健康发展。因此,如何适应季节性干旱已成为当前全社会普遍关注的话题,农户作为农业生产的微观决策主体,其适应季节性干旱行为选择如何,其影响因素有哪些?此问题的解决是实现科学减灾的前提和基础。因此,论文利用南方稻区江西省41个县755份农户调查样本数据,从理论与实证上分析了季节性干旱农户适应行为及其影响因素,统计结果表明：面对季节性干旱时,68.6%的农户会采取相应的适应行为,并且补种（苗）、改种其他作物、调整播种和收获日期是农户最优先考虑采用的适应措施,而资金和劳力是农户采取适应行为措施最主要的限制因素。利用Probit回归模型、Poisson回归模型和Tobit回归模型实证分析了季节性干旱农户适应行为措施选择、采用规模和采用强度的影响因素,计量结果表明：社区资本、干旱发生频率、防灾信息的可获性等因素对农户适应行为采用意愿、规模和强度有正向影响,而所在村距最近公路远近和所处的地形特征对农户适应行为采用意愿、规模和强度有负向影响。因此,需要进一步丰富社区资本、加强农户防灾信息可获性以及加强交通基础设施建设等方面以促进农户采纳适应措施的积极性。     

薄膜扩散梯度技术测量砷的影响因素及其应用

研究了水体中常见无机阴离子和腐植酸对以氧化锆为固定膜的新型薄膜扩散梯度技术(Zr-oxide DGT)测量砷(As)的影响及其在自然地表水体中的应用.结果表明,短期(16h)暴露,SO₄^2-无影响,而HCO₃^-、Cl^-、SiO₃^2-和腐植酸有一定的影响,其忍耐的最高浓度值分别为360mg/L、45g/L、100mg/L和36mg/L.1~4d暴露期间,37~148mg/L的HCO₃^-、1.44~2.88g/L的SO₄^2-、12~24g/L 的Cl^-、8~24mg/L的SiO₃^2-和3~9mg/L的腐植酸均无影响,而高浓度的HCO₃^-(370mg/L)、SO₄^2- (8.64g/L)、Cl^-(72g/L)和腐植酸(27mg/L) 3~4d以及SiO₃^2-(72mg/L) 2~4d的存在明显降低该技术对As的吸收富集,并对As(III)的作用更大.将Zr-oxide DGT技术应用于南京市地表水体,并与传统的主动监测方法进行比较,发现利用Zr-oxide DGT技术测得的溶解态As浓度与传统的主动采样技术测定浓度一致.     

草海国家级自然保护区冬季主要水鸟群落结构与生境的关系

于2011年12月至2012年2月对草海湿地国家级自然保护区冬季主要水鸟进行调查,结果表明:(1)共记录草海主要越冬水鸟30种,隶属于6目10科17属,区系上以古北型与全北型居多;(2)雁形目水鸟种类与数量均占优势,白骨顶(Fulica atra)、赤颈鸭(Anas penelope)、斑头雁(Anser indicus)、赤麻鸭(Tadorna ferruginea)、赤膀鸭(Anas strepera)5种水鸟优势度均达10%以上,黑颈鹤(Grus nigricollis)和灰鹤(Grus grus)等珍稀水鸟也具一定的种群数量;(3)5种草海典型生境栖息的水鸟种类与数量存在显著差异(Kruskal-Wallis H Test:n=30,!2=16.1893,P=0.003),浅水区是水鸟多样性最丰富的区域,多样性指数(H'=1.079)和均匀性指数(J'=0.804)均最高,而耕地最低(H'=0.345;J'=0.493);(4)群落聚类显示,草海主要水鸟可分为7类伴生群落,不同群落在不同生境中分布存在一定差异。     

Evaluation of endocrine disruption and dioxin-like effects of organic extracts from sewage sludge in autumn in Beijing,China

Study on effective disposal and utilization of sewage sludge has recently been the target of growing interest in China. However, potential risks are associated with the use of sludge due to its contamination with toxic organics, heavy metals and pathogenic microorganisms. In this study, a screening assessment was conducted on sewage sludge samples collected from 17 different sewage treatment plants in Beijing, based on a batch of in vitro bioassays, including a set of recombinant gene yeast assays for endocrine disruption, and an ethoxy resorufin-O- deethylase （EROD） assay using H4IIE cells for aryl hydrocarbon receptor （Ah-R） agonistic activities. Our results suggested that moderate levels of estrogen receptor agonistic activities （0.9 ng E2. g-1 to 6.8 ng E2. gl, dw）, but relative higher androgen receptor antagonistic activ- ities （nd to 45%）, progestin receptor antagonistic activities （nd to 80%） and Ah-R agonistic activities （1390 to 6740 pg 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin （TCDD）·g-1, dw） were found in sewage sludge samples. However, there were no significant correlations between the toxic effects of sewage sludge and the sewage treatment processes. In addition, the 17β-estradiol （E2） equivalent quantity （EEQ） level of the sewage sludge was increased after the composting treatment, whereas the 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodi- benzo-p-dioxin toxic equivalent quantity （TEQ） level of sewagesludge composted was much lower than that of sewage sludge.     

Photolysis of 3‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐1, 1 ‐Dimethylurea (Diuron) in dilute aqueous solution

Diuron samples at 40mg/L concentration were photolyzed with ultraviolet lamps and with natural sunlight to determine if data from ultraviolet lamp photolysis could be used to predict results from sunlight photolysis. Seven photoproducts were identified from the photolysis experiments. The identified photoproducts and the photoproduct yields were essentially the same for the two light sources.