地下土壤渗滤系统脱氮效果的研究

在地下土壤渗滤系统运行的过程中,污水中的总氮主要是通过硝化作用及反硝化作用去除的。但是由于反应条件的限制,该系统出水中总氮的浓度总是不能使人满意。分析目前常用的三种提高总氮去除效率的地下土壤渗滤系统得出:间歇进水,并且在一定土壤层深度为微生物的活动提供有机物可以显著降低出水中总氮的浓度。     

基于DGAOs富集的内碳源短程硝化反硝化工艺特性

采用序批式生物反应器(SBR),以厌氧-好氧-缺氧的运行方式,研究了低C/N比下内碳源驱动的短程硝化反硝化工艺运行性能.结果表明,反应器内可同时富集反硝化聚糖菌(DGAOs)和氨氧化细菌(AOB).DGAOs可以利用聚-β-羟基脂肪酸酯(PHA)为内碳源进行反硝化,且利用的PHA中PHB(聚-β-羟基丁酸酯)占主要部分...     

Denitrification and biofilm growth in a pilot-scale biofilter packed with suspended carriers for biological nitrogen removal from secondary effluent

Tertiary denitrification is an effective method for nitrogen removal from wastewater. A pilot-scale biofilter packed with suspended carriers was operated for tertiary denitrification with ethanol as the organic carbon source. Long-term performance, biokinetics of denitrification and biofilm growth were evaluated under filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr. The pilot-scale biofilter removed nitrate from the secondary effluent effectively, and the nitrate nitrogen(NO_3-N) removal percentage was 82%, 78% and 55% at the filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, respectively. At the filtration velocities of 6 and 10 m/hr, the nitrate removal loading rate increased with increasing influent nitrate loading rates, while at the filtration velocity of 14 m/hr, the removal loading rate and the influent loading rate were uncorrelated.During denitrification, the ratio of consumed chemical oxygen demand to removed NO_3-N was 3.99–4.52 mg/mg. Under the filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, the maximum denitrification rate was 3.12, 4.86 and 4.42 g N/(m~2·day), the half-saturation constant was 2.61, 1.05 and 1.17 mg/L, and the half-order coefficient was 0.22, 0.32 and 0.24(mg/L)1/2/min,respectively. The biofilm biomass increased with increasing filtration velocity and was 2845,5124 and 7324 mg VSS/m~2 at filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, respectively. The highest biofilm density was 44 mg/cm~3 at the filtration velocity of 14 m/hr. Due to the low influent loading rate, biofilm biomass and thickness were lowest at the filtration velocity of 6 m/hr.     

异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌YL的脱氮特性

针对传统自养硝化-厌氧反硝化工艺流程长、脱氮效率低的问题,从驯化成熟且具有高效同步硝化反硝化作用的SBR反应器中筛得1株异养硝化菌YL,经鉴定为铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa),并通过单因子试验和正交试验对其异养硝化和好氧反硝化特性进行了研究.结果表明,菌株YL进行氨氧化作用的最适条件为:碳源为琥珀酸钠、C/N为10、p H为7.0、温度为30℃、转速为160~200 r·min-1,此时氨氧化速率为5.05 mg·(g·h)-1,TOC转化速率为45.95 mg·(g·h)-1,氨氮和TOC去除率分别为100%和90.8%;菌株YL还能够利用亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐和羟胺进行生长代谢,去除率分别为92.7%、93.6%和94.8%;影响菌株YL好氧反硝化性能最主要的因素为C/N,在最优条件(C/N=10,T=30℃,r=200 r·min-1,p H=7)下,硝氮去除率为94.6%,总氮去除率76.3%.表明菌株YL能够独立快速高效地完成异养硝化和好氧反硝化脱氮过程.     

2株好氧反硝化菌的筛选及其强化贫营养生物膜脱氮效果

经富集培养、BTB培养基初筛与反硝化能力测定,从城市污水处理厂活性污泥中筛选得到2株好氧反硝化细菌.通过16S rDNA同源性分析对2株菌进行鉴定;并将这2菌株接种到贫营养生物膜体系中以探究它们对系统总氮的去除能力的强化.结果表明,这2株菌分别属于Pseudomonas aeruginosa和Pseudomonas putida,2株好氧反硝化菌单独存在时,对模拟废水的TN去除率分别达78%和82%;2株细菌强化后的生物膜系统对TN去除率达68%和64%,较非强化对照系统分别提高47%和43%,且NH4+-N去除率均接近100%.说明这2株好氧反硝化细菌具有较强的反硝化能力,并能够有效强化生物膜在贫营养条件下的反硝化能力,并且不会抑制生物膜硝化能力,可实现生物膜系统同步硝化反硝化.     

以甲醇为碳源生物反硝化过程释放一氧化二氮的试验研究

污水生物反硝化脱氮过程是一氧化二氮(N2O)的重要释放源之一.试验采用序批式反应器以甲醇为碳源(电子供体),硝酸盐(NO3--N)为电子受体驯化反硝化菌,并采用批处理试验研究不同电子受体、不同碳氮(C/N)比和不同初始亚硝酸盐(NO2--N)质量浓度条件下N2O释放情况.在典型周期试验和批处理试验中均能检测到N2O的释放.以NO2--N为电子受体时会释放较多的N2O,而以NO3--N为电子受体时释放的N2O相对较少.不同C/N比通过影响反硝化菌的活性进而影响N2O的释放,反硝化菌的活性和N2O的释放量均随着C/N比的降低而降低.N2O的释放量随着初始NO2--N质量浓度的增加而增加,一定浓度范围内的NO2--N会增强反硝化菌的活性.初始NO2--N质量浓度与N2O的释放量具有较好的指数相关性.     

Optimization and evaluation of a bottom substrate denitrification tank for nitrate removal from a recirculating aquaculture system

A bottom substrate denitrification tank for a recirculating aquaculture system was developed. The laboratory scale denitrification tank was an 8 L tank (0.04 m2 tank surface area), packed to a depth of 5 cm with a bottom substrate for natural denitrifying bacteria. An aquarium pump was used for gentle water mixing in the tank; the dissolved oxygen in the water was maintained in aerobic conditions (e.g. > 2 mg/L) while anoxic conditions predominated only at the bottom substrate layer. The results showed that, among the four substrates tested (soil, sand, pumice stone and vermiculite), pumice was the most preferable material. Comparing carbon supplementation using methanol and molasses, methanol was chosen as the carbon source because it provided a higher denitrification rate than molasses. When methanol was applied at the optimal COD:N ratio of 5:1, a nitrate removal rate of 4591 ± 133 mg-N/m2 tank bottom area/day was achieved. Finally, nitrate removal using an 80 L denitrification tank was evaluated with a 610 L recirculating tilapia culture system. Nitrate treatment was performed by batch transferring high nitrate water from the nitrification tank into the denitrification tank and mixing with methanol at a COD:N ratio of 5:1. The results from five batches of nitrate treatment revealed that nitrate was successfully removed from water without the accumulation of nitrite and ammonia. The average nitrate removal efficiency was 85.17% and the average denitrification rate of the denitrification tank was 6311 ± 945 mg-N/m2 tank bottom area/day or 126 ± 18 mg-N/L of pumice packing volume/day.     

FeSm原位修复砷污染地下水的实验研究

在以高砷地下水为主要饮水水源的偏远农村地区,研发一种经济高效、操作简便的砷污染处理技术对解决其饮水安全问题具有重大意义.本文通过室内柱实验,利用Fe SO_4、NaAsO_2和Na_2S交替注入方法,完成并优化了硫化亚铁型除砷材料的制备.同时,探讨了强还原条件下含水层原位搭载除砷过程与机制.研究表明,FeSO_4∶Na_2S摩尔比为5∶4,连续注入120 h为最佳原位搭载条件;搭载实验柱除砷过程中,As(Ⅲ)(1000μg·L~(-1))穿透时间(100 h)远高于示踪剂荧光素钠(1.25 h)所需时间,其阻滞因子达37,表明硫化亚铁型除砷材料具有显著的除砷效果;除砷前后硫化亚铁涂层的表征结果说明,原位搭载除砷过程中,As(Ⅲ)与硫化亚铁发生的吸附/共沉淀形成富砷草莓状黄铁矿是实现固砷的主要机理.     

Sulfur-based autotrophic denitrification from the micro-polluted water

Eutrophication caused by high concentrations of nutrients is a huge problem for many natural lakes and reservoirs. Removing the nitrogen contamination from the low C/N water body has become an urgent need. Autotrophic denitrification with the sulfur compound as electron donor was investigated in the biofilter reactors. Through the lab-scale experiment, it was found that different sulfur compounds and different carriers caused very different treatment performances. Thiosulfate was selected to be the best electron donor and ceramsite was chosen as the suitable carrier due to the good denitrification efficiency, low cost and the good resistibility against the high hydraulic loads. Later the optimum running parameters of the process were determined. Then the pilot-scale experiment was carried out with the real micro-polluted water from the West Lake, China. The results indicated that the autotrophic denitrification with thiosulfate as electron donor was feasible and applicable for the micro-polluted lake water.     

厌氧氨氧化工艺的启动及有机物浓度对其影响研究

鉴于反硝化菌与厌氧氨氧化菌具有相似的生理特性,采用CSTR反应器研究了以异养反硝化污泥启动厌氧氨氧化系统的可行性,并考察了其对高氨氮废水的处理潜能。反应器运行170 d后,试验结果表明,此方法可快速培育出具有厌氧氨氧化活性的污泥,NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N的去除率分别可达99.20%和99.69%。在此基础上考察了有机物浓度对厌氧氨氧化性能的影响,结果表明:低浓度(ρ(COD)≤150 mg/L)有机物可促进厌氧氨氧化活性,而高浓度(ρ(COD)≥200 mg/L)有机物抑制厌氧氨氧化进程,该系统最适ρ(COD)/ρ(NH_4~+-N)为2.14,此时NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N的去除率分别为99.41%和99.65%。