Sustainability evaluation of the Grain for Green Project: from local people's responses to ecological effectiveness in Wolong Nature Reserve

This article examines the sustainability of the Grain for Green Project in the Wolong Nature Reserve. Pertinent data were collected through a questionnaire survey and a spatial analysis of reforested lands. The study results identified four critical issues that may influence the sustainability of the project in the study area. The first issue is concerned with the project’s impacts on local sustenance. Because local grain consumption depends greatly on compensation awarded by the project, the potential for sustainability of the project is compromised. The second issue is that the project causes negative effects on local incomes in the Wolong Nature Reserve, which may undermine local economic prospects. The third issue is that the project failed to deliver suitable habitat for the giant panda, although two of the suitability requirements that deal with landform features were met. Lastly, the project neglects great differences among geographical areas in the country, providing the same compensation and length of compensation period to all participants. Appropriate compensation mechanisms should be established and adapted to local economic, environmental, and social conditions. In managing nature reserves and moving toward sustainability, ensuring all aspects of local socioeconomic and ecological/environmental issues are properly addressed is a real challenge. Based on our study, some recommendations for improving sustainability of the project are given.     

退役井场老化油污土壤的生物强化修复技术

退役井场油污土壤含油量低、原油重质化严重,为恢复其土壤属性,探索原位生物强化修复技术。在分析油污土壤中原油性质和土著菌群结构的基础上,优选配伍好的外源嗜烃菌,并应用生物促进剂,以及将菌剂固定化以提升其抗环境冲击能力,提升现场生物修复效率。结果表明:井场油污土壤平均含油率为14.6 mg/g,重质组分含量达到57%,土著菌群结构中缺少降解重质组分的微生物。室内优选2株具有协同效应的重质组分降解菌,在生物促进剂用量为500 mg/L和以锯末固定外源菌条件下,降解达标时间由120 d缩减至80 d。现场开展了2700 m²场地原位修复试验,采用地耕法工艺,修复8个月后含油率由14.6 mg/g降至3.30 mg/g,达到GB 36600—2018《土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》建设用地Ⅱ类用地要求。优选的重质油降解菌剂能提升原油污染物的降解速率,通过促进剂和菌剂投加方式的优化,可有效缩短修复周期。     

重污染感潮河道底泥释放特征及其控制技术研究

以珠江三角洲城市重污染感潮河道为对象,研究了底泥污染物(重金属、有机物和营养盐)在静态、潮汐作用影响及人工曝气扰动下的释放特征.在此基础上,采用曝气充氧、重金属化学固定、激活底泥土著微生物等联合技术对底泥释放进行控制,研究其控制效果.结果表明:①感潮作用加速了底泥污染物的释放,与静态释放相比,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、COD、NH4+-N和TP的平均释放速率提高了1～4倍,释放量增加了0.3～1.8倍;底泥平均耗氧速率提高了1.28倍.②人工曝气扰动使底泥污染物局部急剧释放,并使泥水界面由弱碱性变成弱酸性;在有氧环境,NH4+-N、TP的释放得到有效抑制.③投加石灰调节pH至8～9,上覆水体Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr的去除率达到85%～98%,同时还可去除92%的TP和86%的浊度;在微碱性好氧条件下,Cu、Zn、Pb和Cr的释放量稳定在300μg·L-1 以下.④底泥土著微生物层对水体及底泥污染物有良好的降解作用,通过间歇曝气COD、NH4+-N、TP去除率分别可达到85%、92%和71%;但微生物层具有较高的耗氧速率,达到45g·m-2·d-1.     

微生物对scCO2-咸水-砂岩体系中矿物反应的影响

利用Illumina MiSeq对scCO₂-咸水-砂岩体系中微生物16S rRNA基因V3-V4区进行分析,探究高压反应釜体系中微生物对scCO₂的响应及微生物对矿物反应的作用.结果显示,生物量受pH值影响较大,初始pH值为7.02,生物量11.02×10⁶gene/mL,30d时pH值降至5.65,生物量降至0.26×10⁶gene/mL;随着矿物溶蚀,90d时pH值增至5.87,生物量增至4.61×10⁶gene/mL.群落结构中,phylum Proteobacteria（52.60%（30d）,55.34%（90d））与phylum Firmicutes（46.89%（30d）,43.89%（90d））为优势菌门.在属水平,30,90d时Exiguobacterium,Citrobacter,Acinetobacter与Pseudomonas为优势菌属.产酸菌（Exiguobacterium,Acinetobacter与Pseudomonas）促进了长石与粘土溶蚀,咸水中K⁺,Na⁺,Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺,T-Fe浓度高于空白组;铁还原菌（Citrobacter）提高了Fe（Ⅱ）/Fe（Ⅲ）比值;微生物膜对Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Fe²⁺具有吸附作用.SEM结果显示,微生物介导下先于空白组出现菱铁矿沉淀.scCO₂-咸水-砂岩体系中适应菌能促进矿物溶蚀与碳酸盐矿物捕获.     

Local Responses to Inundation and De-Farming in the Reservoir Region of the Three Gorges Project (China)

Large-scale infrastructural developments in rural areas often impose significant direct and indirect impacts on environment and people. The Three Gorges Project to dam the Yangtze River in China will create a huge reservoir, inundate farmlands and villages, and incur large-scale resettlement. The concurrent de-farming program to reforest marginal farmlands on steep slopes imposes additional stresses on local people. This study evaluates the ecological and economic adjustments in rural areas affected by both projects, and explores villagers’ knowledge, attitudes, perceptions, and expectations vis-à-vis the drastic changes. Eleven villages in Yunyang County in Sichuan Province, stratified into three zones based on topography and agriculture, were assessed by field studies, questionnaire surveys, maps, satellite imagery, and census and government reports. Multiple regressions identified predictors for 17 dependent variables. Spatial variations in the difficult terrain imposed zone-differentiated agricultural constraints, ecological impacts, and human responses. The dominant farming population—mainly young adults working as migrant laborers in cities—has adopted some nonagricultural work to supplement incomes. Expected per-capita standardized farmland (SF) exceeded threshold SF, which surpasses existing SF. Motivations to reclaim more farmlands, de-farm marginal lands, and become migrant laborers were explained by different multiple-regression predictors. Reduction in farmland stock by inundation and de-farming, aggravated by unwillingness towards nonlocal resettlement, would impose ecological pressures and stimulate demands for nonfarming incomes. Common anticipation of better future income and occupation has been subdued by unfavorable feedbacks from early relocatees. Future environmental and landscape changes are hinged upon changing human responses. Government policies could be informed by research findings to match economic, ecological, and social realities.     

Covid-19 lockdown and physical distancing policies are elitist: towards an indigenous (Afro-centred) approach to containing the pandemic in sub-urban slums in Nigeria

ABSTRACT

This study explores the experience of the sub-urban slum residents in Okpoko (Anambra State), Ngwa-road Aba (Abia State), Ajegunle (Lagos State) and Gwagwalada (Abuja), to underscore the elitist and western contexts of Covid-19 lockdown and physical distancing policies. The study apprehends these policies as being counter-productive due to Nigeria’s peculiar socio-economic circumstances, and brainstorms on the need and prospects for adaption and institutionalisation of an indigenous Afro-centred approach towards the containment of the Covid-19 pandemic. The use of herbal mixtures or local concoctions such as parboiled garlic cloves, lemon and ginger juice in the treatment and/or prevention of Covid-19 pandemic is a popular home-grown indigenous approach/practice which is generally believed to have inhibitory effects against Covid-19 by majority of the local people. These herbal remedies should be formally investigated, validated and encouraged in Nigeria as an alternative indigenous approach for the prevention and treatment of Covid-19 pandemic.     

关于黄土高原陇东地区环境变化的回顾与思考

在近七八十年里,生态环境脆弱的陇东地区由于人口增加引起乱砍滥伐、过度放牧、陡坡开垦造成的水土流失和引起大量开垦坡地,广种薄收,形成“越穷越垦、越垦越穷”的恶性循环等等,出现了一系列人地矛盾.随着植树造林,退耕还林,禁止放牧等一系列政策措施的实施和社会经济的快速发展,使得这一矛盾得到了一定程度的缓解,可今后怎样保持和继续深化以及怎样在环境可承载下发展经济和提高人民的生活水平是我们要思考的问题.从环境变化的几个方面进行讨论并得出一些存在的问题及建议.     

“改善”在军品全面质量管理和质量改进中作用的探讨

质量改进是武器装备研制过程的重要质量过程之一。根据全面质量管理的理念,结合个人的实际工作经验以及实际案例,对"改善"这一活动进行定义,并对如何开展改善活动进行了阐述和说明,从而促进质量持续改进。     

湖南古村落的物质安全防御研究

基于湖南现存的一些古村落,从物质安全防御角度出发,对古村落在基地选址、整体布局、空间形态等方.面所采用的安全防御进行研究.通过分析湖南当地居民的主要物质防御手段即利用山水作为村落的自然屏障、团结所有村民进行集群防御与在村落内部层层设防等方法,指出湖南古村落物质防御的有效性和科学性对当今社会安居工程建设具有借鉴意义.     

基于城区行人安全的无人机运行风险评估

为保证无人机(UAV)在城市区域安全运行,建立基于城区行人安全的UAV运行风险评估模型。首先,分析UAV在城区运行时对行人造成的威胁,进行风险建模;其次,引入风险衡量标准,建立风险成本计算指标;然后,生成UAV城区运行风险地图;最后,以基于风险规避的UAV路径规划为应用场景,求解UAV在城区中的飞行任务路径。结果表明:不同区域的风险成本区别明显,风险程度与人群密度、环境遮蔽效果有关;与传统的距离最短路径规划方法相比,考虑运行风险的路径规划方法能够使UAV的飞行路径避开危险程度较高的区域,提高UAV在城区运行的安全性。