Relationship Between Bird Abundances and Landscape Characteristics: The Influence of Scale

Scale is important to consider when investigating effects of the environment on a species. Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data and landscape metrics derived from aerial photographs were evaluated to determine how relationships of bird abundances with landscape variables changed over a continuous range of 16 spatial scales. We analyzed the average number of birds per stop (1985–1994) for five songbird species (family Cardinalidae) for each of 50 stops on 198 BBS transects throughout six states in the Central Plains, USA. Land along each transect was categorized into six cover types, and landscape metrics of fractal dimension (a measure of shape complexity of habitat patches), edge density, patch density, and percent area were calculated, with principal components used to construct composite environmental variables. Associations of bird abundances and landscape variables changed in accordance with small scale changes. Abundances of three species were correlated with edge density and one with component I, which subsumes initial variables of patch density for urban, closed forest, open forest, and open country. Fractal dimension and component II (summarizing amount of closed forest versus open country) were associated with the most species. Correlation patterns of fractal dimension with northern cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis) and painted bunting (Passerina ciris) abundances were similar, with highest correlations at intermediate to small scales, suggesting indirectly that these species thrive in areas where local habitat conditions are most important. Multiscale analysis can provide insight into the spatial scale(s) at which species respond, a topic of intrinsic scientific interest with applied implications for researchers establishing protocols to assess and monitor avian populations.     

牛仔布染色废水中的靛蓝回收技术研究

文章研究了从牛仔布染色废水中回收靛蓝染料的方法。取自常州某印染厂的染色废水中,其靛蓝含量为249.6mg/L。经预处理-晶体再析-膜回收处理工艺,成功的回收了废水中的靛蓝染料。首先通过显微镜观察、统计废水中的纤维和颗粒大小,选用聚丙烯无纺布PP25预处理,过滤除去废水中的纤维及大颗粒杂质;然后加酸调节pH值至6,鼓空气氧化30min,将隐色体靛蓝氧化为氧化态的固体靛蓝析出,后调pH至4,有效削弱表面活性剂的增溶作用,实现靛蓝晶体再析,同时破坏废水中的胶体物质,减轻后续分离过程中对膜的污染;处理过后的靛蓝染色废水经PE微滤膜过滤,靛蓝染料可全部截留。膜孔径0.2μm,所得靛蓝含量达50.17%,出水在660nm波长下的吸光度为0.02,色度、浊度分别降低99.2%和99.5%,COD去除率达80.6%。该工艺回收靛蓝染料的同时,废水水质有很大程度的改善,减轻了废水的后处理负担。     

Rubber sheet strewn with TiO2 particles:Photocatalytic activity and recyclability

A new method for the preparation of rubber sheet strewn with titanium dioxide particles (TiO₂-strewn sheet) is presented. This simple and low cost method is based on the use of TiO₂ powder (Degussa P25) being strewn onto the sheet made from rubber latex (60% HA) through a steel sieve. The characteristic of the TiO₂-strewn sheet was studied by using scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM/EDS) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD) techniques. The photocatalytic activity of TiO₂-strewn rubber sheet was evaluated using Indigo Carmine (IC) dye as a model for organic dye pollutant in water. The results showed that the TiO₂-strewn sheet could degrade IC dye solution under UV light irradiation. The effects of pH, initial concentration, and the intensity of UV light on the photodegradation were also investigated. Kinetics of the photocatalytic degradation was of the first-order reaction. The used TiO₂-strewn sheet can be recovered and reused. The recycling uses did not require any cleaning between successive uses and no decline in the photodegradation efficiency was observed compared with freshly prepared TiO₂-strewn sheet.     

2种组合工艺处理靛蓝废水的中试实验研究

分别采用水解酸化/好氧MBBR/BAF和水解酸化/好氧MBBR/臭氧氧化/BAF 2种组合工艺对实际靛蓝废水进行处理规模为24 m3/d的中试研究。实验结果表明,当进水COD平均初始浓度为2 100 mg/L、平均色度为90倍、系统总水力停留时间为40 h时,前一种组合工艺对COD和色度的去除率分别达93.27%和89.87%;而后一种组合工艺对COD和色度的去除率分别达97.96%和100%,工艺中臭氧氧化单元可使处理后出水中有机物的数量大大降低。表明水解酸化/好氧MBBR/臭氧氧化/BAF组合工艺处理靛蓝废水更为有效,但增加臭氧氧化单元会使每吨废水处理成本增加0.55元。     

稀土元素Pr辅助的类Fenton试剂氧化法处理染料废水

以靛蓝为目标污染物,采用稀土元素Pr辅助的类Fenton试剂氧化法处理模拟染料废水。制备了双金属氧化物催化剂Fe_2-xPr_xO₃,考察了催化剂中n（Pr）∶n（Fe）、催化剂加入量、初始靛蓝质量浓度、H₂O₂加入量、废水pH对废水脱色效果的影响。实验结果表明：Pr在很大程度上提高了类Fenton反应的效率,废水脱色率得到显著提高;在n（Pr）∶n（Fe）=1∶5、初始靛蓝质量浓度为30 mg/L、催化剂加入量为500 mg/L、H₂O₂加入量为40 mL/L、废水pH为3的最佳工艺条件下,反应50 min时废水脱色率达到92.78%。     

Fenton强化微电解工艺处理靛蓝牛仔布印染废水研究

研究了铁炭微电解-Fenton试剂作用下靛蓝牛仔布印染废水的脱色和COD去除行为,通过正交试验和单因素试验确定了微电解-Fenton反应的最佳操作条件,分析了各影响因子的作用机理。结果表明:在铁炭质量比为2∶1,pH值为3的条件下反应90 min,铁炭微电解出水COD的去除率在49.20%,色度去除率达到80%,BOD5/COD值由0.248上升至0.436,可生化性提高;微电解出水在pH值为5,H2O2投加量为0.3%条件下反应60 min后,COD去除率可达84.1%,色度去除率达90%,BOD5/COD值上升至0.525;铁炭微电解-Fenton组合工艺COD的总去除率为87.26%。     

短芽孢杆菌（Bacillus breuis）J74降解萘和靛蓝形成的研究

芳香族化合物是用途广泛的化学制品,主要来源于煤和石油,其结构不仅稳定,而且具有很大的毒性,因此研究它们的微生物降解一直受到人们的关注.一些芳香族化合物降解菌,具有氧化吲哚形成靛蓝的能力.靛蓝是一种染料,主要是化学合成.     

一体化平板膜装置回收靛蓝染料的小试研究

文章采用自主研发的一体化平板膜靛蓝回收装置对印染废水进行了小试研究。此工艺采用投加H2O2氧化染液的方式析出靛蓝结晶并采用平板膜处理的方式不断浓缩靛蓝并将浓缩液回用于染色工段,保证了染料回用的效果。对装置中预处理单元,氧化单元,膜过滤单元等主．要参数进行了优化。研究结果表明．该装置氧化单元H2O2最佳投加量为15ml／L,最佳氧化pH=3;最佳过膜条件pH=4,连续曝气,开停比4：3;膜清洗采用水力冲洗后NaC10浸泡2h的方法,通量恢复近100％。在该最佳工况下,装置不仅能够高效回收靛蓝染料,回收效率达到99．5％,同时废水水质得到极大改善,SS平均去除93．9％,浊度下降100％,色度下降98．4％。     

大气环境中O_3测试方法的研究

靛蓝二磺酸钠（ＩＤＳ）浓度对Ｏ３的吸收效率影响很大,增加ＩＤＳ的浓度将增大ＩＤＳ与Ｏ３的碰撞概率,因此,用一支单层玻板吸收管就能测定大气中的Ｏ３,其吸收效率可达１００％。     

苯酚降解菌生物转化吲哚及甲基吲哚的特性

为探索吲哚类废水的资源化处置效果,考察了苯酚降解菌对吲哚及甲基吲哚的生物转化行为,从土壤中分离筛选苯酚降解菌,结合16S rRNA序列分析对菌株进行鉴定;利用菌株休眠细胞对吲哚及甲基吲哚进行生物转化,采用液相色谱-质谱联用分析其转化产物,并结合响应曲面法对吲哚转化合成靛蓝的条件进行优化。结果表明：筛选得到的1株苯酚降解菌YC为Pseudomonas菌属;菌株YC的休眠细胞可对吲哚、5-甲基吲哚、6-甲基吲哚、7-甲基吲哚进行生物转化,生成靛蓝及甲基取代靛蓝。菌株转化吲哚合成靛蓝的最适条件为：生物量OD₆₆₀ 2.50,吲哚50.00 mg·L⁻¹,反应体系pH 8.00,在此条件下,靛蓝产量可达到29.78 mg·L⁻¹。综合上述结果,苯酚降解菌Pseudomonas sp. YC能较好地转化吲哚及甲基吲哚合成靛蓝类色素,在吲哚类废水生物修复中具有一定的应用前景。