Experimental support for the use of egg uniformity in parasite egg discrimination by cuckoo hosts

Common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) parasitism drastically reduces the reproductive success of their hosts and selects for host discrimination of cuckoo eggs. In a second stage of anti-parasite adaptation, once cuckoos can lay eggs that mimic those of their hosts, a high uniformity of host egg appearance within a clutch may favour cuckoo egg discrimination. Comparative evidence provides indirect support for this hypothesis although experimental support is currently lacking. Here, we studied the effect of experimentally decreased uniformity of host egg appearance on cuckoo egg discrimination by great reed warbler (Acrocephalus arundinaceus) hosts in a population in which long-term cuckoo parasitism has led to high levels of cuckoo–host egg mimesis. We manipulated host clutch uniformity by adding extra spots to fresh host eggs just after they were laid. Rejection of non-mimetic experimental eggs added to these nests was compared with those in control nests in which uniformity was not altered. Previously, by over-painting real spots in a control group of nests, we showed a negligible effect of our paints on hosts’ perception of their eggs. We show that for the great reed warbler, non-mimetic experimental eggs were relatively more tolerated in experimental nests, i.e. with lower uniformity (40%) than in control nests (5%). This is the first experimental study, to our knowledge, which demonstrates a reduced discrimination of foreign eggs as a consequence of an increase of egg phenotypes variation perception in a cuckoo host.     

Ontogenetic and spatio-temporal patterns of induced volatiles in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Glycine max</Emphasis> in the light of the optimal defence hypothesis

Summary. Plants attacked by herbivorous insects emit a blend of volatile compounds that serve as important host location cues for parasitoid wasps. Variability in the released blend may exist on the whole-plant and withinplant level and can affect the foraging efficiency of parasitoids. We comprehensively assessed the kinetics of herbivore-induced volatiles in soybean in the context of growth stage, plant organ, leaf age, and direction of signal transport. The observed patterns were used to test the predictions of the optimal defence hypothesis (OD). We found that plants in the vegetative stage emitted 10-fold more volatiles per biomass than reproductive plants and young leaves emitted >2.6 times more volatiles than old leaves. Systemic induction in single leaves was stronger and faster by one day in acropetal than in basipetal direction while no systemic induction was found in pods. Herbivore-damaged leaves had a 200-fold higher release rate than pods. To some extent these findings support the OD: i) indirect defence levels were increased in response to herbivory and ii) young leaves, which are more valuable, emitted more volatiles. However, the fact that reproductive structures emitted no constitutive or very few inducible volatiles is in seeming contrast to the OD predictions. We argue that in case of volatile emission the OD can only partially explain the patterns of defence allocation due to the peculiarity that volatiles act as signals not as toxins or repellents.     

微波诱导活性炭氧化降解阳离子红GTL废水的特性

采用微波诱导氧化工艺技术,以活性炭为催化剂,对阳离子红GTL染料废水进行氧化处理,考察了活性炭用量、微波功率、反应时间及染料初始质量浓度对阳离子红GTL去除率的影响,利用SEM/EDS、BET表征了反应前后活性炭的结构及组分变化.结果表明:微波和活性炭具有协同效应;在pH=7.0,活性炭用量4 g,阳离子红质量浓度为50 mg·L-1,微波功率300 W,反应时间4 min的条件下,阳离子红GTL去除率达到99.4%;活性炭的结构与组分影响阳离子红GTL的微波处理效果.     

全球碳交易市场对中国经济-能源-气候系统的影响评估

国际气候谈判中,美国等发达国家把中国承诺强制减排目标作为其加入全球减排协定的前提,那么如果我国加入全球碳交易市场,将会对我国产生怎样的影响呢?本文基于Ramsey最优增长模型和博弈论思想,构建世界诱导技术变化混合(WITCH)模型,模拟评估全球碳交易市场对我国经济-能源-气候系统的影响,结果表明:12014年(GCM2014情景)和2020年(GCM2020情景)加入全球碳交易市场,到2100年我国GDP比常规情景(BAU情景)下分别减少6.42%和10.22%,说明加入全球碳市场将会对我国经济增长产生较大的负面影响,越早加入负面影响越小;2BAU、GCM2014和GCM2020三种情景下,2100年我国总投资分别达到98.48亿美元、85.59亿美元和85.13亿美元,其中我国能源研发投资预计分别为32.9亿美元、82.5亿美元和96亿美元,说明对我国总投资的影响差异不是很大,但对能源技术研发投资却有快速而显著的促进作用;3BAU、GCM2014和GCM2020三种情景下,2100年我国一次能源消费分为270 EJ、247 EJ和254 EJ,说明全球碳交易市场可以减少我国一次能源的总消费,但总量减少不是太显著,却能显著减少我国的煤炭等化石能源的消费量,因为GCM2014和GCM2020情景下,2100年煤炭消费仅占到我国一次能源消费的10%左右,而BAU情景下煤炭仍占59%;4全球碳交易市场可以比较显著的降低我国能源强度和碳排放强度;5全球碳交易市场的建立能有效降低全球气温,但不能将气温升幅控制在2℃范围以内。因此,我国要结合本国国情和实际,先建立国内碳交易市场,避免在国际压力下盲目承诺加入全球碳交易市场,至少2020年前我国不应该加入全球碳交易市场。     

印制电路板诱发气候环境试验方法研究

为提升装备环境适应性设计水平,开展了印制电路板诱发气候环境试验方法研究。规定了电子设备印制电路板诱发气候环境试验的设备、仪器、样品、过程及评价等内容。适用于指导开展电子设备印制电路板诱发气候环境试验与制定评价规程。该试验方法在经过不断改进与完善后,将成为电子行业基础的的试验与评价技术规范。     

Decompression syndrome and the evolution of deep diving physiology in the Cetacea

Whales repetitively dive deep to feed and should be susceptible to decompression syndrome, though they are not known to suffer the associated pathologies. Avascular osteonecrosis has been recognized as an indicator of diving habits of extinct marine amniotes. Vertebrae of 331 individual modern and 996 fossil whales were subjected to macroscopic and radiographic examination. Avascular osteonecrosis was found in the Oligocene basal odontocetes (Xenorophoidea) and in geologically younger mysticetes, such as Aglaocetus [a sister taxon to Balaenopteridae + (Balaenidae + Eschrichtiidae) clade]. These are considered as early "experiments" in repetitive deep diving, indicating that they independently converged on their similar specialized diving physiologies.     

微波诱导催化剂MnO/MgO的制备及其活性研究

采用均匀沉淀法制备了微波诱导催化剂MnO/MgO,通过实验确定催化剂的制备条件并对催化剂的形貌进行了SEM表征。实验结果表明,在微波功率900 W,微波时间8 min,催化剂投加量0.6 g/L的条件下,利用微波诱导氧化技术处理50 mL浓度为50 mg/L的活性艳蓝,活性艳蓝的脱色率达到了96%,H2O2的加入能提高脱色效率,缩短反应时间。     

Evaluation and sensitivity of cyanobacteria,Nostoc muscorum and Synechococcus PCC 7942 for heavy metals stress – a step toward biosensor

This study attempted to determine the effects of heavy metals on the photosynthetic blue-green algae for their potential to use as a biosensor. The bioaccumulation of metals and its effects on pigments of Nostoc muscorum and Synechococcus PCC 7942 were assessed. The culture was grown in BG 11 liquid medium supplied with different metals like mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) and incubated (µM 20 concentrations) for 10 days under optimal conditions. The accumulated amounts of metals were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The stress effects on photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll a (Chl a) were monitored by laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). Bio-concentration factor (BCF) reached a peak in cells on the 2nd day of incubation followed by a gradual reduction. The highest reduction in the pigment concentrations (Chl a and β carotene) was observed at 20?µM?L^?1 Hg treatment. The results indicate that, cyanobacteria may serve as both potential species to be used as a biosensor and used to clean up heavy metals from contaminated water. These changes were analyzed with the long-term goal of exploiting cyanobacterial cells as biosensors.     

选煤厂转载点诱导气流影响因素的实验研究

为了解决选煤厂转载点扬尘问题,结合煤矿生产现场的实际情况,自主设计了一套等比例缩小的转载点诱导气流实验装置系统,分析煤料在转载过程中单位时间下料量,煤料的下落高差,胶带运行速度等因素对产生诱导气流的影响。实验结果表明:导料槽内诱导气流的速度随着料仓下料量的增加呈现幂指数的增长趋势;同时,随着下料槽角度由30°增加到60°时,诱导气流的速度由0.55 m/s增大到0.7 m/s;转载点落差的有限性使煤料下落时处于一个加速阶段,且随着高差的增大,诱导气流增加明显;当单位时间下料量和下料高度相对较小时,胶带运行速度越大,胶带上煤料与周围空气之间的曳力作用越明显,并通过数据拟合出了单位时间下料量、下料高度以及胶带运行速度与诱导气流的定量关系公式。     

含水煤体失稳破坏电荷感应规律试验研究

为研究含水煤体失稳破坏过程中电荷感应规律,探寻应用电荷感应法监测煤矿突水灾害可行性,利用自主研制的电荷传感器对含水煤体单轴压缩过程进行电荷信号监测,分析煤体压缩过程中应力及电荷信号变化规律。试验结果表明:烘干煤体和含水煤体单轴加载过程中均有自由电荷产生,电荷信号呈脉冲状波动,通过分析含水煤体电荷信号变化规律同时统计煤体峰值强度前电荷脉冲数及脉冲宽度,从水通过削弱煤体强度进而影响电荷信号;Stern双电层中形成流动电荷,增强了煤体电荷信号;水的存在增加了煤体破裂面自由电荷存留时间三个方面总结了水对煤体电荷的影响机理。