总大肠菌群测定中如何避免出现不定值

现行的环境监测分析方法与有关技术规范中总大肠菌群检数表里所列的几个不定值(“<”或“>”)给区域环境综合分析与评价工作带来一定的困难.为了避免在实测数据中出现不定值,实验分析人员应充分了解待检水样的环境因素以便确定合适的分析方法.对污染较重的水样要适当提高稀释倍数直至出现阴性反应.能否选择出正确的稀释度是实验成败的关键.     

Thermal runaway criterion for chemical reaction systems: A modified divergence method

The chemical reaction in certain range of operating conditions may exhibit parametric sensitivity where small changes in one or more of the input parameters lead to changes in the output variables (eg. reaction temperature). The sharp rise of the reaction temperature is a critical behavior that may lead to runaway conditions. Thus, it is of vital importance to determine the critical operating parameters consisting of the parametric sensitivity region under the consideration of intrinsic safety. In this paper, a modified divergence criterion is proposed based on the trace of Jacobian matrix at the maximum temperature. The nonlinear differential equations describing the dynamic behavior of the chemical reaction is linearized locally in the vicinity of the equilibrium point by the small perturbation analysis. The relationship between the perturbation equation and parametric sensitivity of the reaction system is investigated. The critical values computed by the modified divergence criterion are compared with Morbidelli and Varma criterion (MV criterion), Adler and Enig criterion (AE criterion) and divergence criterion (Div criterion). The comparison demonstrates the validity of the new criterion. In addition, the critical explosion pressures of two kinds of hazardous chemicals are computed by the various critical criteria and compared with published experimental data. The results show that the modified divergence criterion could give smaller computational error compared with the previous criteria.     

Phosphorus-doped graphene supported palladium (Pd/PG) electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction in PEM water electrolysis

PEM water electrolysis is one of the most efficient methods for the production of hydrogen because of produced high purity of the gases and environmentally friendly. In the present study, Phosphorus-doped Graphene (PG) was synthesized by thermal annealing of triphenylphosphine (TPP) and graphene oxide (GO). The PG supported palladium (Pd/PG) electrocatalysts were synthesized by chemical reduction method and used as the cathode for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrode. Structural properties and electrochemical performances of the synthesized Pd/PG electrocatalyst were studied by FE-SEM, EDS, ICP, FT-IR, XRD, and Cyclic voltammetry (CV) methods, respectively. The membrane electrode assemblies (MEA’s) were fabricated using Pd/PG as cathode for HER electrode and RuO₂ as anode for OER electrode. Also, their electrochemical performances along with the corresponding hydrogen yields were evaluated in single cell PEM water electrolyzer at various experimental conditions such as different current densities from 0.1 to 2.0 A cm^?2 and temperatures (28–80°C). The synthesized Pd/PG electrocatalyst was observed a current density of 1 A cm^?2 with 1.95 V at 80°C. Further, long-term stability studies were carried out continuously up to 2000 h which showed a reasonable stability. Hence, the synthesized Pd/PG can be used as an alternative to Pt-based electrocatalysts for the HER in PEM water electrolysis.     

Effects of alkali promoters on the textural and catalytic properties of mesoporous Fe–Al–Cu catalysts for water gas shift reaction

Mesoporous Fe₂O₃–Al₂O₃–CuO catalysts promoted with alkali oxides were synthesized and used in water gas shift reaction (WGSR) at high temperatures for hydrogen purification. These chromium-free catalysts were characterized using nitrogen adsorption/desorption, hydrogen temperature programmed reduction, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy techniques. The synthesized catalysts with narrow single-modal pore size distribution in mesopore region possessed high specific surface area. The catalytic results revealed that except Cs, the addition of other alkali promoters declined the catalytic activity. However, all catalysts showed higher catalytic performance than the conventional commercial catalyst. The results showed an optimum content of Cs promoter (3 wt.%) for the promoted Fe–Al–Cu catalyst (3 wt.% Cs-FAC), which exhibited the highest activity in WGSR at high temperature.     

河流底泥重金属污染与释放特征研究

采用BCR3态连续提取法对底泥中重金属的含量及形态特征进行分析。结果表明，底泥中Cu ， Pb的平均值分别超过背景值的2．45，1．91倍，重金属迁移性的大小为Pb＞Cu＞Cr。研究了底泥中重金属释放特征及影响因素，实验结果表明，Cu的脱附符合二级反应动力学方程拟合，Pb ，Cr的脱附符合抛物线扩散方程和Elovich方程；pH、盐度、温度、泥水比等因素影响重金属的释放量。     

Kinetics of endosulfan sorption on to wood charcoal

Abstract

A part of the research work conducted to evaluate the efficiency of a locally available low cost wood charcoal in removing endosulfan, an organochlorine insecticide, has been presented here in this paper. In the batch experiments conducted at 1 mg/I initial concentration of endosulfan, it was found that wood charcoal could remove endosulfan from water up to 95%. Kinetic profiles were developed for various conditions and they followed second order kinetic reactions. Adsorption equilibrium time was determined by two different approaches namely rough estimate and 2% slope criteria. The equilibrium time was found to be 5 hrs. Forward, reverse, and overall reaction rate constants were determined by approximating the kinetic data to the first order reversible kinetic model. Rate constants increased with increasing initial concentration of endosulfan. Rate limiting process was determined by using kinetics data and further confirmed by the multiple interruption test. Pore and film diffusion coefficients were determined from the half time equations. Film diffusion appeared to be the rate limiting which was further supported by the multiple interruption test.     

新显色剂NPBPDT的合成及在环境监测中的应用研究

研究了1(4硝基苯基)3(5溴吡啶)三氮烯(NPBPDT)的合成及其与汞的显色反应。在TX100存在下,pH值为11.5的Na2B4O7NaOH缓冲溶液中,该试剂能与汞发生显色反应,汞与NPBPDT形成摩尔比为1∶2型的黄色配合物,在440nm处有一最大正吸收峰,在535nm处有一最大负吸收。以440nm为参比波长,535nm为测量波长进行双波长测定,表观摩尔吸光系数为2.80×105Lmol·cm,汞的浓度在0～12μg25mL范围内符合比尔定律。用拟定方法测定废水中的微量汞,有较高的准确度和精密度。     

内电解还原-高效厌氧反应工艺处理化工生产废水

化工生产废水中有机物浓度高,成分复杂,采用常规的处理工艺难以达标。本工艺采用分级处理的方法,先通过催化氧化、内电解铁屑还原反应装置,降低生产浓废水中的有机物含量,改善污水的可生化性;再采用高效厌氧反应器进一步处理废水,有机物去除率高,出水水质稳定,实现了达标排放。     

2-n-丙基酚在模拟海水中的耗氧特性及降解动力学

以2-n-丙基酚为研究对象,分3个质量浓度系列研究其在人工模拟海水中的耗氧特性及降解过程.试验结果表明,在该模拟海水体系中,ρ(DO)呈现先下降后上升的趋势,ρ(DO)变化过程与2-n-丙基酚的生物降解过程密切相关,ρ(DO)最低值出现在2-n-丙基酚降解率达85%～90%的阶段.2-n-丙基酚在该体系中的生物降解反应符合一级反应动力学规律,其生物降解速率与2-n-丙基酚初始质量浓度有关.2-n-丙基酚初始质量浓度增加,生物降解速率下降,滞后期和半衰期也相应延长.      

厌氧氨氧化菌的培养与推流式反应器氨厌氧工艺

采用推流式固定化絮体生物反应器培养出高活性的厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)红色颗粒污泥.在稳定运行后,反应器的NH₄⁺-N和NO₂^--N去除率皆大于98%,TN平均去除率为86%,NO₃^--N的生成率约为14%,TN去除负荷达2.56kg/(m³·d).同时考察了进水基质比例对反应器性能的影响,并用扫描电镜观察了颗粒结构.