水传病原微生物PCR-纳米金显色快速检测方法

水传病原微生物是腹泻等肠胃疾病发病的主要原因,而发展快速、有效的检测方法对于控制和减少该类微生物的传播风险十分重要.因此,本文研究了PCR反应结合不修饰的纳米金颗粒(Gold nano-particles,AuNPs)显色检测方法的最佳盐浓度、探针含量、PCR反应条件等,并从纳米金制备、病原菌种类、检测特异性等方面进行考核,确定了最优检测条件为:10μL PCR扩增产物混合20 pmol探针,95℃反应5 min,55.5℃反应3 min后,40℃杂交10 min;此时,先后加入90μL实验用纳米金和一定浓度的PBS溶液,室温观察颜色变化.结果发现,纳米金溶液由红色变为紫色或近于无色为阳性结果,对应的吸光度值迁移出530 nm,以此可达到快速检测病原微生物的目的.     

三种有机酸对磷酸钙法回收模拟养猪场污水中磷的影响

采用磷酸钙(Calcium Phosphate,CP)结晶法回收模拟养猪场污水中的磷,考察了不同pH值条件下,3种有机酸(柠檬酸、丁二酸和乙酸)对模拟污水中磷去除率的影响,并利用扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪对结晶产物进行了表征.结果表明,CP结晶反应的最佳pH值约为9.5.在相同pH值条件下,柠檬酸对CP结晶反应中磷的去除效率和速率均有显著影响,高浓度柠檬酸能够完全抑制CP结晶反应,导致磷的去除率小于5%.相比之下,丁二酸和乙酸对磷的去除效率和速率影响不明显.3种有机酸对CP结晶产物的形状没有明显影响,所得产物均呈不定形的块状,但产物体积大小会随有机酸浓度升高而明显减小.不同浓度丁二酸和乙酸存在条件下均能得到羟基磷酸钙(Hydroxylapatite,HAP)晶体,但柠檬酸的存在会影响所得产物晶形.     

Mechanism and kinetic properties of NO3-initiated atmospheric degradation of DDT

In this article, the NO3 radical-initiated atmospheric oxidation degradation of DDT was theoretically investigated using molecular orbital theory calculations. All the calculations of intermediates, transition states and products were performed at the MPWB1K/6-311+G(3df,2p)//MPWB1K/6-31+G(d,p) level of theory. Several energetically favorable reaction pathways were revealed. The formation mechanisms of secondary pollutants were presented and discussed. The rate constants were deduced over the temperature range of 273–333 K using canonical variational transition-state(CVT) theory with the small curvature tunneling(SCT) method. Our study shows that H abstraction from the alkyl group and NO3 addition to the C3 atom of the benzene ring are the dominant reaction pathways. The rate-temperature formula of the overall rate constants is k(T)(DDT+NO3) =(7.21 × 10.15)exp(–153.81/T) cm3/(mol·sec) over the possible atmospheric temperature range of 273–333 K. The atmospheric lifetime of DDT determined by NO3 radical is about 52.5 days, which indicates that it can be degraded in the gas phase within several months.     

二氧化钛光催化氧化阿散酸

阿散酸(p-arsanilic acid,ASA)是一种重要的有机砷化合物,较无机砷更加难以去除,目前关于去除水中ASA研究少有报道.本研究主要评价了TiO_2光催化剂(P25)对ASA的去除效果,考察了P25投量、pH和光照强度对其光催化氧化ASA的影响,探究了ASA光降解产物和主要机制.结果表明,在P25催化作用下,模拟自然光可氧化降解ASA为As(V),最终通过P25对As(V)的吸附作用将水中砷有效去除.当ASA初始浓度为2 mg·L~(-1),P25投量为1 g·L~(-1)时,光催化氧化-吸附0.5 h后,水中剩余砷的浓度约为0.34 mg·L~(-1).酸性条件下ASA的去除率远远高于碱性条件,最佳光照强度为68.5 mW·cm~(-2).P25光催化氧化ASA过程中羟基自由基起到了主要作用.     

合成时间对钛酸盐纳米材料的影响及其吸附水中铅的性能研究

以Ti O2(ST-01)和Na OH为原料,采用碱性水热法通过调节反应时间合成不同形貌的钛酸盐纳米材料(TNs),利用XRD、SEM、BET对材料的形貌、结构、比表面积和化学组成等物化性能进行表征,并通过其对水中Pb(Ⅱ)的静态吸附实验,考察材料对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附性能和吸附规律.结果表明,12~72 h合成的TNs均为纯净的单斜相钛酸盐,比表面积为243.05~286.20 m2·g-1;12~36 h合成的TNs主要为片状结构,48 h以上的TNs为线状结构.TNs-12、TNs-24、TNs-36、TNs-48、TNs-60和TNs-72对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附量分别为479.40、504.12、482.00、388.10、364.60和399.00 mg·g-1,片状的TNs对Pb(Ⅱ)具有比线状更高的吸附能力,其中以TNs-24对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附量最高.TNs-24对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附结果符合准二级动力学模型和Langmuir模型,吸附平衡时间为120 min;TNs对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附为放热过程,低温或室温便有较高的吸附量;最佳吸附p H为5.0;当p H为1.0时,TNs-24的解析率可达到99.00%;再生的TNs对Pb(Ⅱ)循环吸附6次的去除率仍可达到97%以上,可见TNs可很好地去除水中重金属Pb(Ⅱ).因此,最佳合成时间可控制在12~24 h;当溶液中存在共存Cd(Ⅱ)或Ni(Ⅱ)时,TNs-24对Pb(Ⅱ)的平衡吸附量及去除率均有所下降;吸附机制主要是Pb(Ⅱ)与TNs层间的H+和Na+发生离子交换作用.     

生物除磷系统中聚磷菌检测常用技术

作为生物除磷系统中的主要功能菌,对聚磷菌菌群进行定性、定量分析是深入理解生物除磷系统、提高除磷效率的必然趋势。目前常用于检测聚磷菌的方法主要有生物化学法和分子生物学法,文章主要阐述了荧光原位杂交技术、聚合酶链反应技术、变性梯度凝胶电泳技术以及多技术结合使用的特点及应用情况,并在此基础上提出了改进措施以及聚磷菌检测技术的发展方向。     

CoCuMnOx光催化氧化多组分VOCs特性及其动力学

实验采用共沉淀法制备太阳能吸收涂料Co Cu Mn O_x,探究可见光下甲苯、乙酸乙酯和丙酮混合3组分VOCs的光催化氧化性能,并从动力学角度分析各自的反应速率变化.结果表明,单组分VOCs初始浓度400 mg·m~(-3)、光照距离120 mm,350cm~2镜面载体负载1 g Co Cu Mn O_x下用100 W卤钨灯照射6 h后,甲苯转化率为57%、乙酸乙酯为62%、丙酮为58%;由于3组分VOCs之间相互竞争,甲苯、乙酸乙酯和丙酮的转化率较单组分下降了5%~26%.单组分与3组分VOCs的光催化均符合假一级反应动力学,单组分甲苯、乙酸乙酯和丙酮的反应速率分别为0.002、0.002 8和0.002 33 min~(-1);混合3组分中其反应速率为单组分的0.49~0.88倍.     

Diphenylmethane diisocyanate self-polymerization: Thermal hazard evaluation and proof of runaway reaction in gram scale

Thermal analysis by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric/differential thermal analysis mass spectrometry, adiabatic calorimetry, a gram-scale heating test, and infrared spectroscopy were performed to evaluate the thermal hazards of diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) and prove the occurrence of a runaway reaction. The self-polymerization of MDI was found to occur at about 340 °C under rapid heating conditions. Carbon dioxide was eliminated and heat was generated to allow polymerization. Under adiabatic and closed conditions, the runaway reaction of MDI can begin at least from 220 °C. Besides it is highly probable that the runaway reaction of MDI can begin from a lower temperature in an actual process scale. More heat was generated than in the previous case and the pressure rose rapidly. A closed 2-mm-thick glass vessel exploded because of the runaway reaction of MDI even if the temperature was lower than 300 °C. Therefore, MDI could cause fatal runaway reactions below 300 °C, where MDI had been assumed to self-polymerize by eliminating carbon dioxide previously.     

Characteristics of major secondary ions in typical polluted atmospheric aerosols during autumn in central Taiwan

In autumn of 2008, the chemical characteristics of major secondary ionic aerosols at a suburban site in central Taiwan were measured during an annually occurring season of high pollution. The semicontinuous measurement system measured major soluble inorganic species, including NH(4)(+), NO(3)(-), and SO(4)(2-), in PM(10) with a 15 min resolution time. The atmospheric conditions, except for the influences of typhoons, were dominated by the local sea-land breeze with clear diurnal variations of meteorological parameters and air pollutant concentrations. To evaluate secondary aerosol formation at different ozone levels, daily ozone maximum concentration (O(3,daily max)) was used as an index of photochemical activity for dividing between the heavily polluted period (O(3,daily max) ≧80 ppb) and the lightly polluted period (O(3,daily max)<80 ppb). The concentrations of PM(10), NO(3)(-), SO(4)(2-), NH(4)(+) and total major ions during the heavily polluted period were 1.6, 1.9, 2.4, 2.7 and 2.3 times the concentrations during the lightly polluted period, respectively. Results showed that the daily maximum concentrations of PM(10) occurred around midnight and the daily maximum ozone concentration occurred during daytime. The average concentration of SO(2) was higher during daytime, which could be explained by the transportation of coastal industry emissions to the sampling site. In contrast, the high concentration of NO(2) at night was due to the land breeze flow that transport inland urban air masses toward this site. The simulations of breeze circulations and transitions were reflected in transports and distributions of these pollutants. During heavily polluted periods, NO(3)(-) and NH(4)(+) showed a clear diurnal variations with lower concentrations after midday, possibly due to the thermal volatilization of NH(4)NO(3) during daytime and transport of inland urban plume at night. The diurnal variation of PM(10) showed the similar pattern to that of NO(3)(-) and NH(4)(+) aerosols. This indicated that the formatted secondary aerosols in the inland urban area could be transported to the coastal area by the weak land breeze and deteriorated the air quality in the coastal area at night.     

多相催化臭氧氧化技术机理研究进展

多相催化臭氧氧化技术能够有效去除水中的微量有机物。尽管有越来越多的研究致力于多相催化臭氧氧化技术领域,以及各种新的催化剂的引入,但对于多相催化臭氧氧化技术机理尚不清楚。因此,本文针对多相催化臭氧氧化技术中常用的负载型金属、负载型金属氧化物以及活性炭三类催化剂的反应机理进行了探讨。此外还对机理研究中存在的问题进行了探讨。