卡马西平片致严重药疹2例

2例男性患者（年龄35、33岁）,分别因面神经性麻木、睡眠型癫痫给予卡马西平片对症治疗,服药后均出现了严重药疹.例1服药后出现口腔大面积溃疡伴脓血分泌物,眼结膜稍红,无渗出,躯干及四肢可见多形性红色斑疹;例2服药后出现面颈部及躯干四肢弥漫的紫红色斑疹,面颈部有不规则松弛性水疱,表皮松弛,眼角、口唇、口腔糜烂,伴有肝功能、胰腺受损.均予以停用卡马西平片,予甲强龙、左西替利嗪抗过敏等对症治疗后药疹症状好转.参5.     

水热法制备PbMoO4微晶体及其光催化降解灭幼脲

以水热法合成的PbMoO4微晶体为催化剂,考察了反应溶液pH、污染物初始浓度和催化剂用量对光催化降解灭幼脲的影响,研究了光催化降解过程的反应动力学和作用机理.结果表明,最佳反应溶液pH 6.0、污染物初始浓度20 mg.L-1、催化剂用量0.4 g.L-1.反应4 h灭幼脲降解率达99.96%,矿化率达66.4%,降解反应符合一级动力学.通过加入自由基清除剂对比实验发现,PbMoO4微晶体主要通过空穴和.OH的氧化作用使灭幼脲降解,其中空穴起主要作用.     

类芬顿试剂吸收去除气态元素汞

实验初步研究了类芬顿试剂为吸收剂对气态元素汞的脱除性能,考察了铁盐种类、pH、初始汞浓度、反应温度、卤素离子、甲酸添加量等因素对类芬顿试剂脱除气态元素汞性能的影响.结果表明,在pH 3.5条件下,以氯化铁为催化剂时,气态元素汞的脱除效率为76.4%;添加250μg.mL-1Cl-、150μg.mL-1Br-或5.0μg.mL-1甲酸均可以显著提高类芬顿反应体系对气态元素汞的脱除效果,最高脱除效率可达95%以上.     

厌氧污泥释放磷的规律及鸟粪石法回收磷的应用研究

城市污水处理厂进行脱氮除磷工艺时,大量的磷从水体转入活性污泥中,如不能回收这部分磷,将造成磷的大量流失,这与磷矿稀缺的现状形成矛盾。通过建立污泥停留时间5 d和10 d的两个厌氧反应系统,对污泥中磷的释放规律进行研究,并采用鸟粪石法对上清液中的磷进行回收。研究结果表明,厌氧污泥上清液中的磷含量高达150 mg.L-1,SRT为5 d和10 d的系统,分别在4 d和2 d后磷的质量浓度由14 mg.L-1上升到100 mg.L-1,且基本上都以正磷酸盐的形式存在。将pH从8.3上升到9.0,磷的回收率可以从60%提升到90%,当pH达到8.8时,磷的回收率即可超过80%,表现出了较好的磷回收效果。研究还发现镁离子和磷酸根的摩尔比对磷的回收率的影响较小,在pH=8.8时,将镁磷比从1.43提升到1.83,磷的回收率仅从79.2%提升到85.5%;在pH=9.0时提高镁磷比对磷的回收基本没有影响。     

Characterization of chlorine dioxide as disinfectant for the removal of low concentration microcystins

Microcystins, which represents one kind of cancerogenic organic compounds, is abundant in eutrophication water. The effects of reaction factors on chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) for removal of low-concentration Microcystin-LR, Microcystin-RR, and Microcystin-YR in water as well as the reaction mechanisms was investigated by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that MC-LR, MC-RR, and MC-YR could be efficiently decomposed by ClO₂. The degradation efficiency was shown positively correlated to the concentration of ClO₂ and reaction time; while the effect of reaction temperature and pH is slight. The kinetic constants and activation energies of the reaction of MC-LR, MC-RR, and MC-YR with ClO₂ are determined as 459.89, 583.15, 488.43 L·(mol·min)^-1 and 64.78, 53.01, 59.15 kJ·mol^-1, respectively. As indicated by high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometer (HPLC-MS) analysis, degradation should be accomplished via destruction of Adda group by oxidation, with the formation of dihydroxy substituendums as end products. This study has provided a fundamental demonstration of ClO₂ serving as oxidizing disinfectant to eliminate microcystins from raw water source.     

Kinetics of oxidation of dimethyl trisulfide by potassium permanganate in drinking water

Metabolites of algae such as geosmin, 2-methylisoborneol etc. are reported to induce pungent odors into drinking water and attract additional scientific attention. Recently, in China, taste and odor outbreaks in drinking water supply have become increasingly common. In source water affected by eutrophication, dimethyl trisulfide, speculated to be produced by decayed algae, was found to be the source of taste and odor issues and can be removed effectively by usual oxidation agents. In this experimental study, batch scale tests were carried out focusing on the removal of dimethyl trisulfide. Reaction kinetics of dimethyl trisulfide oxidized by potassium permanganate in water had been studied; influence factors such as pH, organic substrate, other existed taste, and odor contaminant in equivalent concentration were also discussed. Results showed that dimethyl trisulfide can be removed by potassium permanganate efficiently; the ratio can reach more than 70% with oxidant dosage of 4 mg·L^-1 and contact time prolonged to 120 min. The dimethyl trisulfide decomposition followed a second-order kinetics pattern with a rate constant k = 0.00213 L·(min·mg)^-1. Typically, the degradation rate of dimethyl trisulfide was increased with the increasing KMnO₄ dosage, but dramatically dropped with the increasing levels of humic acid (1.8–4.5 mg·L^-1) and other odor-causing compounds (e.g. β-cyclocitral, 0–1886.0 μg·L^-1). Solution pH (5.2–9.0) and initial dimethyl trisulfide concentration did not significantly affected the degradation. This study demonstrates that KMnO₄ oxidation is an effective option to remove dimethyl trisulfide from water.     

磁粉活性污泥法处理城市生活污水的反应动力学特征

磁粉活性污泥法是在传统活性污泥法中加入磁性粉末(Fe3O4)的废水生物处理方法。在最佳运行状况下,对磁粉活性污泥法基质降解动力学进行了研究。磁粉活性污泥法基质降解符合一级反应规律,利用Monod方程对试验数据进行拟合,确定了其动力学参数,半速率常数Ks、有机底物的最大比降解速率vmax分别为10.39 mg/L和0.804 d-1。     

基于元胞自动机的人因追尾事故仿真研究

人为因素已经成为导致交通事故发生的关键因素之一,而车辆追尾碰撞是公路上最常见、危害最大的一类事故.本文将驾驶员的心理细分为放松、谨慎和紧张三种状态,设计了状态切换规则以及不同状态下驾驶员的行为规则,建立了一种公路人因追尾事故的元胞自动机仿真模型.随后通过仿真实验研究了交通流参数以及驾驶员驾驶特性对追尾事故发生率的影响,仿真结果表明随着车辆最大允许速度和车辆密度的增加,追尾事故发生率显著上升;跟驰状态下驾驶员的反应延迟与差错率对事故率影响最大,而紧急情况下驾驶员的人为因素对事故率没有显著影响.研究结果对交通中人因事故发生机理研究及人因事故的预防有一定参考价值.     

厌氧氨氧化耦合脱氮系统中反硝化细菌研究

采用聚合酶链式反应、分子克隆等分子生物学方法,通过构建nirS克隆文库研究了厌氧氨氧化耦合异养反硝化脱氮系统中的反硝化微生物.进行同源性分析和系统发育树构建,结果表明,从nirS克隆文库中随机挑选的100个克隆子中有51个阳性克隆子,共分为12个操作单元.经比对发现这些微生物主要为变形菌门细菌和未知菌类,其中β-proteobacteria占据绝对优势且有较多种类,少部分属于 γ-proteobacteria.     

零价纳米铁吸附去除水中六价铬的研究

利用液相还原法制备的零价纳米铁(nZVI)进行了去除水中Cr(Ⅵ)的实验研究.结果表明,nZVI对Cr的去除效果明显优于还原铁粉和粉末活性碳;pH值越小、初始Cr浓度越低、nZVI放置时间越短及投加量越大均有利于水中Cr(Ⅵ)的去除,最佳去除率近100%;反应动力学拟合结果表明,nZVI去除六价铬符合准二级动力学模型;反应后nZVI颗粒的扫描电镜及电子能谱结果显示Cr占12.02%(wt),结合对反应溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)和Cr(Ⅲ)分析,说明吸附、还原与共沉淀可能是nZVI去除水中六价铬的主要机理.