过氧丙酸分解反应的失控泄放特性研究

为研究过氧丙酸分解反应的失控泄放特性,利用泄放模式实验装置对过氧丙酸在不同泄放口径和泄放压力下的顶部和底部的泄放过程进行了试验模拟,得到了过氧丙酸的失控特性参数和不同条件下的泄放特征。结果表明:过氧丙酸失控反应泄放易出现二次峰值现象,初次峰值为气相泄放,二次峰值为气液两相泄放;二次峰值的出现取决于泄放口径及泄放时的物料温度,与泄放压力无关;恒压泄放容易出现非平衡泄放,导致较高最大累积压力和较高的釜内物料温度;底部泄放能够使釜内物料快速排空。     

A2O-BAF工艺反硝化聚磷效果的影响因素

为了提高系统的反硝化除磷脱氮效率,采用静态试验考察了厌氧反应时间和厌氧段COD对A2O-BAF工艺反硝化聚磷效果的影响,同时对缺氧阶段反硝化聚磷量与脱氮量之间的关系进行了探讨.试验结果发现,在试验范围内,随着厌氧反应时间和厌氧段COD的增加,厌氧释磷量均增加,反硝化聚磷量,净聚磷量和硝氮去除量亦都随之增加,但是反硝化聚磷量与释磷量的比值基本维持不变.在2组8个不同的试验条件下,缺氧段反硝化聚磷量和脱氮量之间均呈现出良好的线性关系,系数为1.007~1.053,R2为0.992~0.997,反映了A2O-BAF系统中污泥的固有特性.     

Significant enhancement in catalytic ozonation efficacy: From granular to super-fine powdered activated carbon

In this study, super-fine powdered activated carbon (SPAC) has been proposed and investigated as a novel catalyst for the catalytic ozonation of oxalate for the first time. SPAC was prepared from commercial granular activated carbon (GAC) by ball milling. SPAC exhibited high external surface area with a far greater member of meso- and macropores (563% increase in volume). The catalytic performances of activated carbons (ACs) of 8 sizes were compared and the rate constant for pseudo first-order total organic carbon removal increased from 0.012 min^–1 to 0.568 min^–1 (47-fold increase) with the decrease in size of AC from 20 to 40 mesh (863 mm) to SPAC (~1.0 mm). Furthermore, the diffusion resistance of SPAC decreased 17-fold compared with GAC. The ratio of oxalate degradation by surface reaction increased by 57%. The rate of transformation of ozone to radicals by SPAC was 330 times that of GAC. The results suggest that a series of changes stimulated by ball milling, including a larger ratio of external surface area, less diffusion resistance, significant surface reaction and potential oxidized surface all contributed to enhancing catalytic ozonation performance. This study demonstrated that SPAC is a simple and effective catalyst for enhancing catalytic ozonation efficacy.

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V2O5/TiO2催化剂选择性催化还原脱除NOx的研究

通过浸渍法制备V2O5/TiO2催化剂,在固定床反应器中进行NH3选择性催化还原脱除NOx的研究.结果表明,对于100/140目催化剂,NOx转化率随反应时间线性增加,NH3选择性催化还原NOx反应为一级反应,反应活化能为98.23 kJ*mol-1.对于片状催化剂,气体流量和催化剂的厚度对脱氮反应有较大的影响,气体流量增加,NOx转化率提高,当流量增至120 L*h-1后,NOx转化率趋于稳定;催化剂厚度由0.1 cm增至0.2 cm, NOx转化率从83%降至40%, 催化剂有效因子从0.254降至0.127.对于0.1 cm厚的片状催化剂,在573 K和空速1.4 s-1条件下,NOx转化率可达92%.     

车用催化转化器起燃温度的数值模拟

车用催化转化器是降低汽车排气污染物浓度的主要装置.起燃温度是催化转化器的重要特性之一,它表明催化器在多高的温度下有较高转化率.数值模拟研究催化转化器的性能可以减少实验量,指导和优化催化器的设计.建立了催化转化器一维稳态转化率的数学模型,对起燃温度特性曲线进行模拟.数值模拟结果与实验测量值较吻合.这说明,建立的数学模型可以用来模拟起燃温度特性曲线.用该模型考察了空速、载体长度、催化剂比表面积、载体导热系数以及壁厚等因素对起燃温度特性曲线的影响.结果表明,空速越大,催化转化器的起燃温度越高;增大载体长度和催化剂比表面积有利于降低起燃温度;载体导热系数和壁厚的大小对起燃温度几乎没有影响.     

Heterogeneous Sulfate Formation on Dust Surface and Its Dependence on Mineralogy: Balloon-Borne Observations from Balloon-Borne Measurements in The Surface Atmosphere of Beijing, China

This study focuses on providing a direct insight into the process by which sulfate is formed on mineral dust surface in the actual atmosphere. Six sets of aerosol measurements were conducted in the outskirts of Beijing, China, in 2002–2003 using a tethered balloon. The mineralogy of individual dust particles, as well as its influence on the S (sulfur) loadings was investigated by SEM-EDX analysis of the directly collected particles. The mixed layer in the urban atmosphere was found to be quite low (500–600m), often appearing as a particle dense stagnant layer above the surface. It is suggested that mineral dust is a common and important fraction of the coarse particles in Beijing (35–68%), and that it is relatively enriched with Calcite (>28%). An exceptional amount of S was detected in the mineral particles, which can be explained neither by their original composition, nor by coagulation processes between the submicron sulfates and the dust. Heterogeneous uptake of gaseous SO₂, and its subsequent oxidation on dust was suggested as the main pathway that has actually taken place in the ambient environment. The mineral class found with the largest number of particles containing S was Calcite, followed by Dolomite, Clay, Amphibole etc., Feldspar, and Quartz. Among them, Calcite and Dolomite showed distinctly higher efficiency in collecting sulfate than the other types. A positive correlation was found with the number of S containing particles and the relative humidity. Calcite in particular, since almost all of its particles was found to contain S above 60% r.h. On the other hand, the active uptake of SO₂ by the carbonates was not suggested in the free troposphere downwind, and all the mineral classes exhibited similar S content. Relative humidity in the free troposphere was suggested as the key factor controlling the SO₂ uptake among the mineral types. In terms of sulfate loadings, the relationship was not linear, but rather increased exponentially as a function of relative humidity. The humidity-dependent uptake capacity of mineral types altogether showed an intermediate value of 0.07 gSO₄ ²⁻ g⁻¹ mineral at 30% r.h. and 0.40 gSO₄ ²⁻ g⁻¹ mineral at 80%, which is fairly consistent with laboratory experiments.     

A MIXING MODEL FOR A SEPARATED MECHANICAL AERATION SYSTEM1

ABSTRACT: An input-output method, using a network of ideal continuous stirred-tank and plug-flow tublar reactors, is adopted to analyze residence time distribution data for a separated mechanical aeration system. The usefulness of this modeling concept is enhanced by its simplicity, especially in the presence of a first-order reaction. This facilitates use of the model format for wastewater quality prediction. Moreover, first-order rate constants can also be estimated from the model, if conversions due to the reaction rate are available.     

不同主体的旅游开发对社会的影响--以云南石林景区为例

采用问卷调查和新测量模型相结合的方式对云南石林景区进行了实证研究,比较分析了旅游地居民和旅游者对旅游开发活动带来的旅游社会影响的不同态度,得出不同的主体对旅游社会影响的态度差异性和趋同性,并提出了具体的对策和实现途径,以期为下一步的旅游调整性规划提供有益参考.     

氯乙酸母液氢解制氯乙酸

以氯乙酸母液和氢气为原料，开发了氢解制氯乙酸的新工艺。文中介绍了氢解了反应原理和工艺流程，并介绍了母液预处理，催化剂筛选及氢解反应条件等试验。中试验连续运转的结果表明，工艺路线合理可行，催化剂活性稳定，单程氢解产品产率达到９４％以上，产品氯乙酸的质量达到行业标准，装置运行安全可靠。     

硝酸及氯离子对高温硝酸铵水溶液热危险性的影响研究

国内外学者对硝酸铵的危险性进行了大量的研究,而对其水溶液的危险性至今开展不多。笔者采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)及全自动反应量热仪(RC1e)对高温状态下的硝酸铵水溶液的热分解危险性、杂质离子对其稳定性的影响进行了研究。纯硝酸铵和90%硝酸铵水溶液的DSC实验表明,90%硝酸铵溶液和分析纯硝酸铵具有相似的热爆炸危险;90%硝酸铵水溶液在140~180℃之间的RC1e试验表明:硝酸或氯离子单独存在时,对硝酸铵分解都有不同程度的抑制作用,而同时存在时则大大降低体系的热稳定性。该结果对保障硝酸铵在生产、使用过程中的安全具有重要的参考价值。