Sonolytic reactions of phenanthrene in organic extraction solutions

Ultrasonic extraction is a common method used to extract semi-volatile and nonvolatile organic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from solid matrices. However, ultrasonic energy has been suspected to lead to undesired reactions of the solute and thus affect qualitative and quantitative results. In this paper, sonolytic reactions of phenanthrene in common organic extraction solutions were examined using a 20 kHz ultrasonic probe under conditions commonly used for ultrasonic extraction. Extraction parameters including phenanthrene concentration, solvent type, pulse length, and sonication time were investigated. Hexane:acetone (1:1 V/V) resulted in less phenanthrene degradation than dichloromethane (DCM):acetone (1:1 V/V). Initial solute concentration, length of sonication time, and solvent type affected the degradation of phenanthrene. Reaction byproducts including methylphenanthrene and methylnaphthalene detected after sonication indicate that phenanthrene reacts by both direct pyrolysis and reaction with methyl or ethyl radicals formed from solvent pyrolysis.     

环境水体中肠道病原细菌定量PCR检测与膜过滤分析方法的比较

采用通用引物,通过实时荧光定量PCR方法(QPCR),对西安市5个地表水体中肠道病原细菌的细胞密度进行了分析.检测水样体积为100mL,分别于2006年3～6月取自水源水(黑河)、景观娱乐用水(大唐芙蓉园北湖和兴庆湖)、纳污河(浐河)和未消毒的二级出水(北石桥污水处理厂),并将QPCR检测结果与滤膜法(MF)测得的细菌总数、大肠菌群和粪大肠杆菌CFU结果进行了比较分析.5个水体(n=60)检测结果显示,QPCR检测结果是大肠菌群CFU的2.2～5倍,是粪大肠杆菌CFU的7～14倍.病原细菌检测的几何平均值范围,QPCR法在25～67000 CCE·100mL-1之间,MF法大肠菌群在3～45000 CFU·100mL-1之间,粪大肠菌群在0～3000 CFU·100mL-1之间(n=60).两种方法的检测结果使用Spearman秩相关法来计算,结果显示,QPCR检测结果与大肠菌群、细菌总数以及粪大肠杆菌CFU均呈现显著正相关,秩相关系数分别为r=0.983、r=0.908和r=0.948.     

临安近地面臭氧变化特征分析

利用2003年11月─2004年11月浙江临安区域大气本底站近地面臭氧浓度的连续监测资料,研究了地面臭氧浓度全年总体分布、季节变化、日变化及浓度频率分布规律.结果表明,该地区φ(O₃)全年平均值为32.41×10-9,其日变化呈明显单峰型, 14:00左右达到最大值, 约04:00出现最小值.φ(O₃)月均值在春末夏初达到最大值,在12月─次年2月出现最小值.φ(O₃)各月的平均振幅在夏季达到最大,说明临安本底站夏季臭氧光化学反应比较强烈.除冬季外,其他季节该地区近地面φ(O₃)均有超过《环境空气质量标准》(GB30952-1996)二级标准的情况,全年超标率为0.96%.      

显色法测定环境样品中的纳米二氧化钛

水环境中纳米二氧化钛分析方法的建立是研究其环境行为的基础.以钛离子与H2O2的显色反应为基础,建立了用分光光度计测定含纳米二氧化钛水样、鱼样的方法.该方法简便可行,不需要复杂仪器设备,测定结果与ICP-AES测定方法相比无显著差异.     

传热系数随温度线性变化的亚临界化学放热系统热安全性分析

引入化学放热系统平衡域和热安全裕度的概念与定义来评价具有潜在危险性的亚临界化学放热系统的安全性问题.分析了均温系统下传热系数随温度呈线性变化的系统的平衡域,进而提出了热安全裕度值L的定量计算并阐明了利用曲线拟合的方法计算L值.使用了Matlab软件绘出系统在3个约束参数约束的条件下ψ-ε-a的三维图形与给定系统(a为常数)时ψ-ε的二维图形,并在结合图形的基础上引入实例来评价该系统的热安全性.     

金属-有机框架材料去除水中重金属Cr(Ⅵ)的研究进展

金属-有机框架材料（MOFs）作为新兴的有机-无机杂化材料,兼有稳定性好、多孔、比表面积大等优点,能高效去除水中的重金属Cr（Ⅵ）。本文概括了常用的Cr（Ⅵ）去除方法,重点综述了基于不同金属的MOFs应用于Cr（Ⅵ）吸附和还原转化的影响因素和去除机理,并阐述了MOFs在去除水中Cr（Ⅵ）领域的应用价值及面临的挑战。指出,应通过后修饰、多组分混合等方法进一步提高MOFs的应用潜力。     

Fereducer反应强化直流电晕自由基簇射治理苯

为强化直流电晕自由基簇射对含苯废气的去除,采用Fereducer反应进行实验研究.将含Fereducer试剂的电极气引入反应器中,在苯浓度分别为953mg/m³和63mg/m³时,其去除率提高了21%和4.2%.电极气(O₂、H₂O)的存在对苯的脱除起了不同程度的促进作用,最高可达89.6%.苯的初始浓度较低时脱除效率较高,但高浓度下的绝对去除量较大.     

一起反应釜爆炸事故原因分析

分析了某化工厂一起反应釜爆炸事故的可能原因,认为事故发生的原因主要是氮气置换失效及提前对反应釜进行加热,提出了预防措施.     

Effects of ferric oxide on decompositions of methyl ethyl ketone peroxide

Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKPO) is a widely used initiator for polymerization reaction and hardener in glass-reinforced plastic. However, MEKPO is an unstable reactive chemical and has caused several serious accidents all over the world. This work studied the thermal stability of MEKPO in the presence of ferric oxide as the contaminant through calorimetric and kinetic studies. The calorimetry was performed using Automatic Pressure Tracking Adiabatic Calorimeter (APTAC) to identify the effects of ferric oxide (different concentration) on important reactive hazards such as onset temperature and pressure hazard. Kinetic modeling was then performed to study the kinetics of the runaway reaction and estimate important kinetic parameters. The results indicate that in the low concentration range (<0.3%), ferric oxide has no significant effect on the thermal stability of MEKPO. However, in the high and intermediate concentration range of ferric oxide (i.e., 10%), the negative effect on the thermal stability of MEKPO was observed. This result is in agreement with the kinetic study result that the activation energy and frequency factor decrease dramatically in the high ferric oxide concentration range. The results provide necessary process safety information for the handling of MEKPO and also technical basis for the further study in this area.     

江汉油田老二站提高水质达标率研究

江汉油田老二站采出水经典处理后回注,出水悬浮物、Fe2+和细菌均超标严重,水质达标率低.通过工艺调整,工艺前段利用SRB的除铁作用大幅度降低Fe2+含量;絮凝沉降阶段依据Fenton反应原理,借助H2O2的氧化除铁与杀菌作用,提高絮凝沉降效率,降低悬浮物含量;工艺末段选用多种杀菌剂交替杀菌.结果表明,工艺调整后以100 mg/L的H2O2代替原絮凝剂,间歇添加100 mg/L的杀菌剂Ⅱ,出水含铁1.5 mg/L、悬浮物3.0 mg/L、SRB 10个/mL,老二站水质达到注水水质标准要求,水质达标率达80％.