两种不同抗性作物对酸雨胁迫的响应

为明晰植物渗透调节在抗酸性机制中的作用,考察了模拟酸雨对抗酸性作物水稻(Oryza sativa)和酸敏感性作物大豆(Glycine max)幼苗株高、叶片含水量、渗透势、脯氨酸含量和质膜H+-ATPase活性的影响。结果表明,酸雨(p H=2.5~5.0)喷施5 d后,水稻和大豆幼苗的耐受阈值为p H=4.0和5.0;恢复5 d后,p H=2.5组水稻和p H=3.0组大豆含水量和株高仍未恢复到对照水平。动态测定结果显示,酸雨(p H=4.5和3.0)胁迫初期(第3 d),水稻脯氨酸含量应激升高,调控渗透势下降;随胁迫时间延长(第5 d),脯氨酸含量升高不足以维持稳定的渗透势,质膜H+-ATPase活性升高,调控胞内外渗透平衡。研究表明,酸雨胁迫下水稻脯氨酸和质膜H+-ATPase的渗透调节能力强于大豆,这是水稻抗酸性强于大豆的内在机制之一。     

Mentoring with(in) care: A co‐constructed auto‐ethnography of mutual learning

Research into workplace mentoring is principally focussed on predictors and psychosocial and instrumental outcomes, while there is scarcely any in‐depth research into relational characteristics, outcomes and processes. This article aims to illustrate these relational aspects. It reports a co‐constructed auto‐ethnography of a dyadic mentoring relationship as experienced by mentor and protégé. The co‐constructed narrative illustrates that attentiveness towards each other and a caring attitude, alongside learning‐focussed values, promote a high‐quality mentoring relationship. This relationship is characterised, among other things, by person centredness, care, trust and mutual influence, thereby offering a situation in which mutual learning and growth can occur. Learning develops through and in relation and is enhanced when both planned and unplanned learning takes place. In addition, the narrative makes clear that learning and growth of both those involved are intertwined and interdependent and that mutual learning and growth enrich and strengthen the relationship. It is concluded that the narrative illustrates a number of complex relational processes that are difficult to elucidate in quantitative studies and theoretical constructs. It offers deeper insight into the initiation and improvement of high‐quality mentoring relationships and emphasises the importance of further research into relational processes in mentoring relationships. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Barriers and enablers to climate change adaptation in hierarchical governance systems: the case of Vietnam

Governments fulfil important roles in increasing the adaptive capacity of local communities to respond to climate change impacts, particularly in developing countries. Existing studies on how governments enable and constrain the ways in which local level communities learn and build their adaptive capacity, however, generally adopt network or market-oriented types of governance. However, the most vulnerable regions to climate change impact in the world are generally governed through hierarchical policy systems. This research aims to understand how the hierarchical policy system in Vietnam creates enables and/or constrains the policy capacity of policy actors to contribute to effective climate change adaptation. We conducted interviews (n?=?26) with key actors at multiple levels of government. Our findings show the importance of clear legal institutions, available financing for implementing policies, and the training of governmental staff, particularly at district and commune levels where the policy capacities are generally too low to deal with climate change impacts. We conclude that any efforts to support local actors (i.e. smallholder farmers) should include investments in policy capacity to ensure uptake and upscaling of adaptation actions more broadly.     

水资源开发与利用科研工作的现实制约与对策建议

中国人均水资源量少、水资源时空分布不均,近年来经济社会对水资源需求日益增大。在相关领域科技成果的大力支撑下,中国走出了一条有效的水资源管理之路,实现了水资源的高效利用和有效保护。但目前在水资源开发利用的科技活动中仍存在一定的现实制约,本文进行了一定分析,并提出了对策建议。     

Reflexive governance: exploring the concept and assessing its critical potential for sustainable development. Introduction to the special issue

ABSTRACT

Elaborated in publications on transition management, sustainability governance and deliberative environmental governance, ‘reflexive governance’ addresses concerns about social-ecological vulnerabilities, flawed conceptualisations of human-nature relations fragmented governance regimes and conditions for a sustainability transition. Key barriers to reflexive government include unavoidable politics; the influence of broader discursive systems that shape actors’ strategic interests; and structural and deliberate limitations to the range of admitted epistemological understandings, normative perspectives and material practices. Against this background, the contributions to the special issue provide novel conceptual linkages between reflexive governance and boundary objects, intercultural dialogue, conflict management heuristics, discourse linguistics, theories of the policy cycle and reflexive law, network and learning theories, and Lasswell’s ‘developmental constructs’. Based on the contributions, we identify five inherent conceptual tensions of reflexive governance: between the openness of horizontal learning processes and the desired direction towards sustainable development; between reflexive governance as a normative or procedural concept; between expected learning orientations and other, strategic orientations; between governance as a precondition for reflexivity and reflexive learning as a precondition for reorganized governance structures; and between reflexivity as an open-ended, evolutionary process and the need to strategically defend the space for reflexivity against powerful groups with an interest in the status quo.     

Complex dynamics in the uptake of new farming practices: a case study for organic waste application

Adverse environmental effects of intensive agriculture, together with scarcity in phosphates and water, urge farmers to find more sustainable practices. An example of such a sustainable practice is on-farm processing of organic waste. This paper explores three mechanisms that can lead to a widespread uptake of this technique: (1) economies of scale, (2) information sharing, and (3) adjustment of social norms. Although each of these mechanisms has been studied before, this paper provides new insights by considering the interactions that might exist between the different mechanisms when they are applied to real-life situations. Based on a pilot study, we developed a multi-criteria mathematical programming model at individual farm level. We used this model to simulate the uptake of on-farm processing of organic waste, as a result of the three mechanisms and their interactions. Our results show that each mechanism results in an increased uptake, but is not likely to cause a widespread uptake. Interaction between the mechanisms, will lead to a much higher uptake. This result suggests that simultaneous consideration of multiple mechanisms is essential to understand the behaviour of social–ecological systems.     

基于循环神经网络的缓坡场地液化侧移预测*

为预测缓坡场地地震液化侧向位移,基于改进自适应算法（Rectified Adam）和循环神经网络模型（RNN）,提出液化侧移预测模型RA-RNN,通过对侧移数据进行样本学习,并利用改进自适应算法优化循环神经网络结构,验证RA-RNN模型可靠性,并与多元线性回归法（MLR）计算结果进行对比。结果表明:RA-RNN模型计算得到侧移一般为实测位移的0.7~1.3倍,训练结果R2,RMSE,MAE分别为0.977,0.375,0.141;土耳其科喀艾里RA-RNN模型预测结果RMSE和MAE为MLR模型的1/26,1/830;中国台湾集集镇RA-RNN模型预测结果RMSE和MAE为MLR模型的1/18,1/350,RA-RNN模型预测结果较优,预测精度及泛化能力得到很大提升。     

事故调查报告中事故原因分析的改进*——基于企业事故案例学习视角

为进一步提高我国事故调查报告的质量,更好地满足企业对事故案例学习的需要,通过案例分析事故调查报告中事故原因部分存在的问题及其原因,并在此基础上提出采用事故致因理论来改进事故调查报告的思路;应用24Model改进天嘉宜化工有限公司“3·21”特别重大爆炸事故的事故原因分析,以此来验证本文思路的可行性和有效性。研究结果表明,使用事故致因理论能够更加科学地归纳事故原因,增强措施的针对性和可操作性,可有效改善事故调查报告的质量。     

Workers’ compensation claim counts and rates by injury event/exposure among state-insured private employers in Ohio, 2007–2017

Introduction: This study analyzed workers’ compensation (WC) claims among private employers insured by the Ohio state-based WC carrier to identify high-risk industries by detailed cause of injury. Methods: A machine learning algorithm was used to code each claim by U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) event/exposure. The codes assigned to lost-time (LT) claims with lower algorithm probabilities of accurate classification or those LT claims with high costs were manually reviewed. WC data were linked with the state’s unemployment insurance (UI) data to identify the employer’s industry and number of employees. BLS data on hours worked per employee were used to estimate full-time equivalents (FTE) and calculate rates of WC claims per 100 FTE. Results: 140,780 LT claims and 633,373 medical-only claims were analyzed. Although counts and rates of LT WC claims declined from 2007 to 2017, the shares of leading LT injury event/exposures remained largely unchanged. LT claims due to Overexertion and Bodily Reaction (33.0%) were most common, followed by Falls, Slips, and Trips (31.4%), Contact with Objects and Equipment (22.5%), Transportation Incidents (7.0%), Exposure to Harmful Substances or Environments (2.8%), Violence and Other Injuries by Persons or Animals (2.5%), and Fires and Explosions (0.4%). These findings are consistent with other reported data. The proportions of injury event/exposures varied by industry, and high-risk industries were identified. Conclusions: Injuries have been reduced, but prevention challenges remain in certain industries. Available evidence on intervention effectiveness was summarized and mapped to the analysis results to demonstrate how the results can guide prevention efforts. Practical Applications: Employers, safety/health practitioners, researchers, WC insurers, and bureaus can use these data and machine learning methods to understand industry differences in the level and mix of risks, as well as industry trends, and to tailor safety, health, and disability prevention services and research.     

Regional news portrayals of global warming and climate change

In this study we utilize content analysis techniques to examine how the issue of global warming and climate change has been characterized during the period of 1992 through 2005 by the Houston Chronicle—the largest regional newspaper in the Texas coastal region. A total of 795 global warming and climate change news articles from the Houston Chronicle are collected, coded and analyzed. Data analyses are organized and presented with regard to issue salience, various issue attributes (issue image, scope, linkage, participant, proposed solution and responsible party), use of science, and scientific information sources cited in the news stories. We find that regional media attention to the global climate change issue generally increases over time and an overwhelming majority of the news articles view the issue as a harmful problem. However, given the scientific consensus that global warming will result in significant devastating climate change consequences to the coastal regions, there are still a fair number of news articles delivering mixed, undetermined or even non-harmful messages. We also find that climate change is often discussed as a national or international-global issue, and frequently linked to a number of other public issues rather than just being viewed as an environmental–ecological problem. Moreover, we find that emphasis on issue solutions is placed more on mitigation strategies than on adaptation behaviors, and that both governmental and non-governmental actions and responsibilities are suggested for dealing with climate change. In addition, our findings indicate that the regional newspaper in Texas obtains scientific information on climate change primarily from academic institutions. Implications of our findings and recommendations for future research are discussed in the concluding section.