四川若尔盖湿地退化成因分析与对策研究

本文以四川若尔盖湿地为研究对象,主要贡献为：（1）应用卫星遥感数据对若尔盖湿地退化趋势进行了科学定量分析;（2）采用博弈论的分析方法对相关利益主体进行解析,在寻求利益均衡点的基础上,提出湿地保护性开发对策;（3）针对湿地退化因素提出了多种对策,其中生态移民的设想对保护四川若尔盖湿地较为适宜;（4）提出了“禁止-限制-发展”的产业结构调整思路,以指导湿地的合理开发利用。     

浓度变化时复合衬层中有机污染物的一维扩散分析

在考虑填埋场有机污染物浓度随时间变化的基础上,对有机污染物在复合衬层中的一维扩散问题进行了解析求解.计算模型考虑了2种常见的下边界条件,即零浓度下边界及零通量下边界.计算模型亦考虑了污染物在各介质中的背景浓度.利用该解析解得到的结果和已有的试验结果较为接近.对于美国规范规定的标准复合衬层,当污染物在膜中的扩散系数达到1.0×10-13m2·s-1且膜的分配系数达到50时,基本上可以忽略土工膜作为有机污染物扩散屏障的作用;对于同样的复合衬层,若膜的扩散系数达到1.0×10-12m2·s-1,则膜分配系数只需达到5即可忽略土工膜作为有机污染物扩散屏障的作用.对于标准复合衬层及GM GCL复合衬层,膜分配系数的变化对有机污染物通量击穿曲线的影响较大,而膜扩散系数对其的影响则相对较小.     

钾掺杂对铈锆固溶体催化性能的影响

为研究钾掺杂对铈锆固溶体催化性能的影响,以Ce0.7Zr0.3O2为基体制备了一系列钾掺杂的铈锆固溶体xK-Ce0.7Zr0.3O2(x=0.05、0.10、0.15、0.20、0.25、0.30)催化剂样品,通过程序升温氧化(TPO)过程进行活性评价,并通过XRD、BET、H2-TPR和O2-TPD进行分析表征。结果表明,采用溶胶凝胶法制备的催化剂的催化性能比络合燃烧法所制备的稍好;当钾的掺杂量为0.10≤x≤0.30时,xK-Ce0.7Zr0.3O2催化碳烟颗粒燃烧的活性得到提高,起燃温度和最大燃烧速率温度分别在315℃和375℃附近,明显优于Ce0.7Zr0.3O2;掺杂钾后的催化剂样品均能形成萤石结构,并且随钾掺杂量的增大比表面积减小。     

用氟离子电极测定土壤溶液中无机单核铝的实验验证

本文在Ａｌ－Ｆ体系中、验证了氟离子电极直接电位法测定和区分溶液中无机单核铝结果的可靠性。研究结果表明,氟离子电极直接电位法测定结果的相对误差在±５％以内。在非２５℃上,采用校正温度影响的平衡常数进行计算,结果与２５℃条件下无明显差别。     

Integrating blue: How do we make nationally determined contributions work for both blue carbon and local coastal communities?

Blue Carbon Ecosystems (BCEs) help mitigate and adapt to climate change but their integration into policy, such as Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), remains underdeveloped. Most BCE conservation requires community engagement, hence community-scale projects must be nested within the implementation of NDCs without compromising livelihoods or social justice. Thirty-three experts, drawn from academia, project development and policy, each developed ten key questions for consideration on how to achieve this. These questions were distilled into ten themes, ranked in order of importance, giving three broad categories of people, policy & finance, and science & technology. Critical considerations for success include the need for genuine participation by communities, inclusive project governance, integration of local work into national policies and practices, sustaining livelihoods and income (for example through the voluntary carbon market and/or national Payment for Ecosystem Services and other types of financial compensation schemes) and simplification of carbon accounting and verification methodologies to lower barriers to entry.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-022-01723-1.     

Incentivizing biodiversity conservation in artisanal fishing communities through territorial user rights and business model innovation

Territorial user rights for fisheries are being promoted to enhance the sustainability of small‐scale fisheries. Using Chile as a case study, we designed a market‐based program aimed at improving fishers’ livelihoods while incentivizing the establishment and enforcement of no‐take areas within areas managed with territorial user right regimes. Building on explicit enabling conditions (i.e., high levels of governance, participation, and empowerment), we used a place‐based, human‐centered approach to design a program that will have the necessary support and buy‐in from local fishers to result in landscape‐scale biodiversity benefits. Transactional infrastructure must be complex enough to capture the biodiversity benefits being created, but simple enough so that the program can be scaled up and is attractive to potential financiers. Biodiversity benefits created must be commoditized, and desired behavioral changes must be verified within a transactional context. Demand must be generated for fisher‐created biodiversity benefits in order to attract financing and to scale the market model. Important design decisions around these 3 components—supply, transactional infrastructure, and demand—must be made based on local social‐ecological conditions. Our market model, which is being piloted in Chile, is a flexible foundation on which to base scalable opportunities to operationalize a scheme that incentivizes local, verifiable biodiversity benefits via conservation behaviors by fishers that could likely result in significant marine conservation gains and novel cross‐sector alliances. Incentivar la Conservación de la Biodiversidad con Comunidades de Pesca Artesanal por medio de Derechos de Uso Territorial y la Innovación de Modelos de Negocio     

21世纪城市环境面临的最大挑战

本文分析了21世纪城市环境发展所面临的各种挑战，并进一步指出了水资源短缺和水环境污染是21世纪城市环境的最大挑战者和威胁者。在此基础上，提出了解决的对策措施。     

多菌灵的光化学降解研究

以太阳光和高压汞为灯光源研究了多菌灵在溶液相中的光化学降解：在太阳光下，多菌灵在甲醇，正已烷、重蒸水、３种ＰＨ缓冲液和不同类型水质中光稳定性很强，但在丙酮中可以光解，光 解半衰期为３３．８０ｈ光敏剂核黄素、０．５％内酮、ｅ＾３＋能加快多菌灵在水溶中的光解速率，其中黄素敏化效果最显著，说明在太阳光下多菌灵在水溶液中主要是间接光解，与太阳光源比较，多菌灵在高汞灯下主要进行直接光解，在重蒸水中的光钐半衰     

A simple method for estimating dermal absorption of chemicals in water

A semiempirical mathematical model is proposed for estimating the dermal absorption of chemicals from dilute aqueous solutions, such as bath water. Absorption depends on the concentration of the chemical in water, the area of skin exposed, the time of exposure, and a permeation coefficient that depends importantly on the relative solubility of the material in lipids and water, among other factors not so easily modeled.     

呼伦贝尔市环境问题现状及对策初探

通过对呼伦贝尔市自然条件、资源储备、生态环境的调查,分析该市在水环境、大气环境、固体废物排放以及生态环境等方面的污染现状,指出该市在环境保护方面所面临的问题,并选择适当的预测方案,预测在未来五年各类环境污染所带来的压力;探讨该市在水、大气、固废、生态环境等方面的优势及劣势,并在此基础上提出了解决对策。在环境规划中应该把握好经济发展与环境保护并重的方向,明确地方环境问题,有针对性地开展规划工作,重点地解决环境污染问题,因地制宜地开展环境保护与规划工作。