刺芹侧耳对孔雀石绿的脱色降解及其产物分析

以白腐真菌刺芹侧耳(Pleurotus eryngii-Co007)为染料脱色菌株,研究三苯甲烷染料孔雀石绿的浓度、脱色p H、脱色温度及脱色时间对染料脱色的影响,并对降解产物进行紫外-可见吸收光谱分析、红外光谱分析、GC-MS分析和植物毒性实验,以揭示孔雀石绿可能的降解路径及其产物毒性.结果表明:在p H 6、30℃条件下,P.eryngii-Co007脱色降解200 mg·L-1孔雀石绿,9 h脱色率可达98.22%;孔雀石绿的降解产物主要包括4-(二甲氨基)二苯甲酮、4-(甲氨基)二苯甲酮和4-氨基二苯甲酮;推测孔雀石绿可能的降解路径为孔雀石绿中心碳的羟基化反应,随后中心碳迅速发生碳-碳键断裂,产生4-(二甲氨基)二苯甲酮,4-(二甲氨基)二苯甲酮经过两个连续的N-去甲基化过程,分别产生4-(甲氨基)二苯甲酮和4-氨基二苯甲酮;植物毒性实验表明,P.eryngii-Co007对孔雀石绿有较好的脱毒作用.综上,P.eryngii-Co007能高效脱色降解高浓度的孔雀石绿,同时可显著降低染料对植物的毒害作用.     

Effects of cyanobacteria producing microcystins on seed germination and seedling growth of several agricultural plants

The effects of cyanobacteria aqueous extracts containing Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) on the seed germination and growth of Pisum sativum, Lens esculenta, Zea mays and Triticum durum were investigated. Experiments were carried out on a range of doses of the extract (equivalent to 0, 1.6, 2.9, 5.8, 8.7 and 11.6 μ g MC-LR/mL). The results confirm that these plants were sensitive to cell-free extracts of a toxic Microcystis and that germination inhibition was dose dependent. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that P. sativum is the most sensitive tested species with a 97% germination rate reduction and L. esculenta was the most resistant. At the 8th day, the exposure to the microcystins (MC) resulted in a significant decrease of plant epicotyls length, roots length and a net inhibition of lateral root formation. It is concluded that MC could affect also terrestrial plants seedling germination and growth. Therefore, the use of water for irrigation contaminated by MC could exert negative biochemical effects on seed and plant metabolism which might influence the agricultural crops.     

无磷缓蚀阻垢剂CETSA的合成与缓蚀阻垢机理分析

针对工业循环水处理系统中使用磷系缓蚀阻垢剂带来的磷排放问题,以马来酸酐和3-巯基丙酸为主要原料,在催化剂作用下应用“一步法”合成S-羧乙基硫代琥珀酸(CETSA)无磷缓蚀阻垢剂,通过红外(IR)、核磁共振(13CNMR)等方法对其结构进行了表征.采用碳酸钙沉积法、旋转挂片法对CETSA的阻垢缓蚀性能进行评价,考察了加药量、水温、pH值、水流转速等对CETSA阻垢缓蚀性能的影响.结果表明,当加药量为110mg/L、循环水温度低于50℃、pH值为6～8、水流转速低于100 r/min时,CETSA对A3碳钢的腐蚀率小于0.25mm/a,最大缓蚀率可达61.3％,最大阻垢率达88.4％.CETSA是一种小分子多羧酸结构,其具有较高的缓蚀阻垢性能可能是因为与水中的钙镁离子发生了螯合,生成了稳定的络合物抑制结垢,同时非极性键、烷基等亲水基吸附于金属表面,电负性较高的O、S元素与Fe产生强吸附,形成的致密保护膜有效抑制了金属腐蚀.经测算,10％水剂的CETSA生产成本约为3 047元/t,总磷减排量可达3～5g/m3循环水排水.研究表明,CETSA可替代传统磷系缓蚀阻垢剂,适于电力、钢铁、化工、油田等行业的循环冷却水系统.     

Effects of two polybrominated diphenyl ethers (BDE-47, BDE-209) on the swimming behavior,population growth and reproduction of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs) are new kinds of persistent organic pollutants(POPs) and their potential threats to the equilibrium and sustainability of marine ecosystems have raised worldwide concerns. Here, two kinds of PBDEs, tetra-BDE(BDE-47)and deca-BDE(BDE-209) were applied, and their toxic effects on the swimming behavior,population growth and reproduction of Brachionus plicatilis were investigated. The results showed that:(1) The actual concentrations of BDE-47 and-209 in the seawater phase measured by GC–MS(Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer) were much lower than their nominal concentrations.(2) In accordance with the 24-hr acute tests, BDE-209 did not show any obvious swimming inhibition to rotifers, but a good correlation did exist between the swimming inhibition rate and BDE-47 concentration suggesting that BDE-47 is more toxic than BDE-209.(3) Both BDE-47 and-209 had a significant influence on the population growth and reproduction parameters of B. plicatilis including the population growth rate, the ratio of ovigerous females/non-ovigerous females(OF/NOF), the ratio of mictic females/amictic females(MF/AF), resting egg production and the mictic rate, which indicate that these parameters in B. plicatilis population were suitable for monitoring and assessing PBDEs. Our results suggest that BDE-47 and-209 are not acute lethal toxicants and may pose a low risk to marine rotifers at environmental concentrations for short-term exposure. They also accumulate differently into rotifers. Further research data are needed to understand the mechanisms responsible for the effects caused by PBDEs and to assess their risks accurately.     

Effects of two polybrominated diphenyl ethers (BDE-47, BDE-209) on the swimming behavior, population growth and reproduction of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are new kinds of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and their potential threats to the equilibrium and sustainability of marine ecosystems have raised worldwide concerns. Here, two kinds of PBDEs, tetra-BDE (BDE-47) and deca-BDE (BDE-209) were applied, and their toxic effects on the swimming behavior, population growth and reproduction of Brachionus plicatilis were investigated. The results showed that: (1) The actual concentrations of BDE-47 and -209 in the seawater phase measured by GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer) were much lower than their nominal concentrations. (2) In accordance with the 24-hr acute tests, BDE-209 did not show any obvious swimming inhibition to rotifers, but a good correlation did exist between the swimming inhibition rate and BDE-47 concentration suggesting that BDE-47 ismore toxic than BDE-209. (3) Both BDE-47 and -209 had a significant influence on the population growth and reproduction parameters of B. plicatilis including the population growth rate, the ratio of ovigerous females/non-ovigerous females (OF/NOF), the ratio of mictic females/amictic females (MF/AF), resting egg production and the mictic rate, which indicate that these parameters in B. plicatilis population were suitable for monitoring and assessing PBDEs. Our results suggest that BDE-47 and -209 are not acute lethal toxicants and may pose a low risk to marine rotifers at environmental concentrations for short-term exposure. They also accumulate differently into rotifers. Further research data are needed to understand the mechanisms responsible for the effects caused by PBDEs and to assess their risks accurately.     

Evaluation of Bacillus sp. MZS10 for decolorizing Azure B dye and its decolorization mechanism

To evaluate decolorization and detoxification of Azure B dye by a newly isolated Bacillus sp. MZS10 strain, the cultivation medium and decolorization mechanism of the isolate were investigated. The decolorization was discovered to be dependent on cell density of the isolate and reached 93.55%(0.04 g/L) after 14 hr of cultivation in a 5 L stirred-tank fermenter at 2.0 g/L yeast extract and 6.0 g/L soluble starch and a small amount of mineral salts. The decolorization metabolites were identified with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy(UPLC-MS). A mechanism for decolorization of Azure B was proposed as follows: the C=N in Azure B was initially reduced to –NH by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate(NADPH)-dependent quinone dehydrogenase, and then the –NH further combined with –OH derived from glucose to form a stable and colorless compound through a dehydration reaction. The phytotoxicity was evaluated for both Azure B and its related derivatives produced by Bacillus sp. MZS10 decolorization, indicating that the decolorization metabolites were less toxic than original dye. The decolorization efficiency and mechanism shown by Bacillus sp. MZS10 provided insight on its potential application for the bioremediation of the dye Azure B.     

高硫酸盐难降解废水高温厌氧处理中限量曝气的应用及影响

由于硫酸盐还原的影响,普通高温UASB反应器处理亚硫酸盐纸浆厂排出的高硫酸盐难降解废水过程中甲烷菌活性受到了严重抑制.考虑到空气对硫化氢的吹脱和对硫化物的氧化作用可能减轻硫化物对甲烷菌的抑制,本研究在厌氧反应器中引入限量曝气措施.试验结果表明,反应器的运行稳定性和处理能力均得到大幅提高.在有机负荷提高到原来2倍的情况下,曝气后COD去除率仍有提高,从40%～50%提高到60%～70%.试验证明部分甲烷菌可以耐氧,而某些种类的水解酸化细菌则对不完全厌氧环境比较敏感.     

两性水处理剂CGAC在1mol/LHCl中的缓蚀性能研究

研究了天然高分子改性两性水处理剂CGAC在1mol／LHCl中对A3钢的缓蚀性能，讨论了药剂投加量、温度和药剂在酸中存放时间对缓蚀性能的影响。结果表明药剂CGAC具有较好的缓蚀性能，在CGAC投加量为60mg／L时，缓蚀率达96．6％，且具有长效缓蚀性能。初步分析CGAC是吸附成膜型缓蚀剂，其吸附在金属表面后增大了腐蚀的表观活化能。     

聚天冬氨酸的阻垢分散性能

以马来酸酐和铵盐为原料合成聚天冬氨酸,对聚天冬氨酸进行了红外光谱和差热-热重分析表征,并对其阻碳酸钙垢及分散氧化铁的性能做了较系统的研究。结果表明：所得产品的产率均在98．11％以上,并基本具备目标产物聚天冬氨酸的各种官能团;热分解温度为386．3℃;当加入量为4mg/L时,其阻垢率已接近100％;当加入量为30mg/L时,分散氧化铁性能最好,溶液透光率为48．7％。     

石墨烯对高等植物幼苗的毒性及机理探究

随着石墨烯产品的广泛应用和潜在的环境释放,其对生态环境的影响已引起广泛关注。为探讨石墨烯对高等植物生长的影响,探究了其对黄瓜幼苗和玉米幼苗生长的影响及其致毒机理。结果表明,水培条件下,不同浓度的石墨烯(10、50、100、500、1 000和2 000 mg·L~(-1))处理植物幼苗15 d后,对植物幼苗的生长具有抑制作用。且随着处理时间和石墨烯浓度的增加,植物幼苗生长的所有指标,包括根/地上部鲜重和干重、根长、根尖数、株高和叶面积均相应降低。另外,黄瓜幼苗比玉米幼苗对石墨烯更加的敏感。进一步研究发现,石墨烯与黄瓜幼苗根部直接接触导致的物理损伤、氧化损伤,以及营养耗竭是其致毒机理。而石墨烯对玉米幼苗的致毒机理包括物理损伤和营养耗竭。本研究为石墨烯的环境风险评价提供了基础数据。