用蛋白磷酸酶抑制法测定水体中的微囊藻毒素类物质

建立了一种灵敏的测定水体中微囊藻毒素类物质的方法。从鱼肝脏中分离的蛋白磷酸酶２Ａ被微囊藻毒素抑制，并且抑制与毒素剂量相关，抑制模式表现为典型的Ｓ型曲线。根据末知样品存在时蛋白磷酸酶的相对活力，可由本研究得出的标准曲线及公式，计算样品中可能存在的微囊藻毒素类物质。研究表明，在一年的观测周期内，即使没有可见的水华发生，东湖及鱼池中仍有可检测出微囊藻毒素类物质。     

ToxTell生物传感器在Cu2+、Cd2+冲击活性污泥系统分析中的应用

探讨了不同浓度Cu2＋及Cu2＋和Cd2＋联合对活性污泥系统COD去除的影响,并采用ToxTell生物传感器,以活性污泥为指示微生物,分析了上述金属离子的毒性抑制作用.结果表明,Cu2＋浓度低于10 mg.L-1时,不会对该活性污泥系统带来明显的冲击作用,Cd2＋的加入明显增强了对该活性污泥系统COD去除的抑制作用,上述金属离子在抑制时间为1.5 h时对系统COD去除抑制率达到最大,随着曝气时间的延长,COD去除率呈逐渐上升趋势;ToxTell生物传感器的毒性分析结果与COD去除抑制率相近,初步证实该生物传感器能很好地用于活性污泥处理系统受Cu2＋、Cd2＋离子冲击的预警监测.     

逆流湍动床短程硝化反应器的运行性能及基质抑制动力学模型

采用模拟含氨废水和逆流湍动床(inverse turbulent bed.ITB)反应器研究了短程硝化工艺的运行性能及基质抑制动力学模型.结果表明,采用"预挂膜"和"快速排泥"的联合挂膜方法,以及"低浓度,高负荷"的启动策略,可在20 d将ITB短程硝化反应器NH4+-N负荷升至0.59 kg·(m3·d)-1,实现快...     

化感物质对硝酸还原酶活性影响的研究

３种来自小麦秸杆腐解过程中产生的化感物质,在不同浓度及不同ＰＨ条件下对硝酸还原酶活性的影响实验结果表明,阿魏酸在０．２６、２．５８、５．１５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ浓度下对硝酸还原酶活性均表现出一定的抑制作用,抑制率分别为０．５２％,１１．６％和９．０２％;     

游离氨调控对污泥高含固厌氧消化反应器性能的影响

污泥高含固厌氧消化系统中,过高的游离氨(free ammonia nitrogen,FAN)浓度被认为是影响其产气性能的主要因素之一.通过降低pH和提高总氨氮(total ammonia nitrogen,TAN)浓度两种方法,考察了进料含固率为15%的中温半连续污泥高含固厌氧消化反应器在这两种游离氨调控措施下的性能表现.结果表明,随着TAN的提高,FAN从(400±174)mg·L~(-1)提升至(526±25)mg·L~(-1),日产沼气量从(11.9±0.3)L·d-1降低到(10.3±0.2)L·d-1,挥发性固体(volatile solid,VS)降解率降低了33.7%;同时,当通过降低pH使得FAN从(330±99)mg·L~(-1)下降至(47±13)mg·L~(-1)时,日沼气产量也从(14.4±1.1)L·d-1下降到(10.8±0.3)L·d-1,VS降解率降低了26.9%,系统性能并没有随着FAN的下降而提升.随着pH调控的停止,游离氨浓度逐步回升至300 mg·L~(-1),系统性能也恢复至调控之前的水平,表明pH调控的过程产生了游离氨浓度控制之外的抑制性作用.最后,通过对细菌和古菌的多样性分析以及甲烷菌的定量PCR分析,可以发现两个反应器系统产气性能的变化都伴随着细菌种群结构的明显变化.污泥高含固厌氧消化系统中过高的FAN(500 mg·L~(-1))使得降解蛋白的细菌的主要种群由Tepidimicrobium和Proteiniborus转变为Anaerobranca.而通过降低pH来控制游离氨浓度之后,一些糖类和蛋白质类发酵细菌的活性也受到影响,并导致这些物质水解效率的下降,进而由于产甲烷菌的基质供给量的不足而削弱系统的产气性能.     

孔石莼水溶性抽提液抑制3种海洋赤潮藻的生长

研究了孔石莼水溶性抽提液对3种赤潮藻(赤潮异弯藻、中肋骨条藻和塔玛亚历山大藻)生长的影响.在实验的前4d内,孔石莼水溶性抽提液(0 25～2 0g·L-1)对各赤潮藻种的生长皆表现出明显的抑制效应,最大抑制效应表现在接种后的第2～3d.各藻种生长受抑制的量随孔石莼水溶性抽提液浓度的增加而增加,当孔石莼水溶性抽提液的浓度达2 0g·L-1时,赤潮异弯藻和中肋骨条藻被完全致死,塔玛亚历山大藻的生长受到强烈抑制.实验后期(5d后),低浓度处理组(0 25～1 0g·L-1)的藻种加速生长,表现为促进效应.经高温处理后的孔石莼水溶性抽提液对赤潮异弯藻和中肋骨条藻的抑制效应完全消失,对塔玛亚历山大藻的抑制效应明显减弱.     

铝对蚕豆根尖细胞的遗传损伤

铝作为土壤主要元素之一,是酸性条件下影响植物生长发育的一个主要原因。为进一步探讨酸性条件下铝对植物细胞的毒性作用机理,文章以蚕豆(ViciafabaL.)为材料,研究了不同酸度(pH4.5和pH5.8)的三氯化铝对根尖细胞的遗传损伤作用。结果表明,pH5.8和pH4.5的铝处理(0.03~50mmol·L-1)组中根尖细胞分裂指数呈浓度依赖性降低,微核细胞数显著增加。相同铝浓度时,pH4.5组的分裂指数低于pH5.8组,微核率高于后者。此外,铝处理能诱发根尖细胞核固缩,固缩率随酸度增强和铝浓度增大而增高。研究结果表明,三氯化铝对蚕豆根尖细胞具有遗传损伤作用,酸性增强时铝的毒性作用增强。     

Biodegradation behavior of agricultural pesticides in anaerobic batch reactors

This study explored the biodegradation potential of two agricultural pesticides (2,4-D and isoproturon) as well as their effect on the performance of the anaerobic digestion process. Three 3.5 L batch reactors were used, having the same initial isoproturon concentration (25 mg/L) and different 2,4-D concentrations (i.e. 0, 100, or 300 mg/L, respectively). All systems were fed with equal amounts of primary sludge and digested sludge and operated at the low mesophilic range (32 ± 2°C). Following an acclimation period of approximately 30 days, complete 2,4-D removal was achieved, whereas isoproturon biodegradation was practically negligible. The presence of 2,4-D did not have a direct effect on acidogenesis since soluble organic carbon [expressed either as volatile fatty acids (VFAs) or as total organic carbon (TOC)] peaked within the first 10 days of operation in all bioreactors. Utilization of VFAs however appeared to follow two distinct patterns: one pattern was represented by acetate and butyrate (i.e. no acid accumulation) while the other was followed by propionate, isobuturate, valerate and isovalerate (i.e. acid accumulation, duration of which was related to the initial 2,4-D concentration). On the whole, all reactors exhibited a successful digestion performance demonstrated by complete VFAs utilization, considerable gas production (containing 45 to 65% methane by volume), substantial volatile suspended solids (VSS) reduction (42 to 50%), as well as pH and alkalinity recovery.     

Evaluation of air pollution phytotoxicity downwind of a phosphate fertilizer factory in India

The effects of air pollution on plants downwind of a fertilizer factory at Udaipur, India, were studied using three woody perennials. Seedlings of these species including a shrub (Carissa carandas L.), a leguminous avenue tree (Cassia fistula L.) and a fruit tree (Psidium guajava L.) were grown in earthen pots at different study sites receiving varying levels of air pollution input. Changes in plant growth, morphological characteristics, photosynthetic pigment, ascorbic acid, N and S contents and in dry matter allocation were considered in relation to the status of ambient air quality. Observations with these parameters have indicated that the ambient air around the factory contained pollutants at phytotoxic levels. Plant height, basal diameter, conopy area, leaf area and chlorophyll, ascorbic acid and foliar-N concentrations decreased with increasing pollution load. However, foliar-S increased slightly at polluted sites. Air pollution load around the factory have also altered the biomass allocation. Root:shoot ratios increased in C. fistula and P. guajava at polluted sites. In contrast, for C. carandas the above ground parts, where foliage assumed predominance showed precedence over the root growth. This species responded characteristically to air pollution stress by allocating more of its photosynthate towards leaf production and shoot growth.     

Cr~(3+)胁迫对小球藻生理生化特性的影响

水体重金属污染较难处理,且会对水生物造成严重的影响。为探讨水体中重金属对藻类的毒性影响,以普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)和铬(Cr~(3+))为材料,研究不同浓度Cr~(3+)对普通小球藻生理、生化特性的影响,检测不同浓度的Cr~(3+)对小球藻的毒性效应。结果表明,小球藻的最优生长温度为31℃。此条件下,Cr~(3+)浓度为3 mg·L~(-1)时,小球藻的生物量最大。Cr~(3+)的浓度低于3 mg·L~(-1)时,Cr~(3+)能促进小球藻的生长,且藻细胞中光合色素、蛋白质、可溶性糖、丙二醛(MDA)的含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性也逐渐增加。当各胁迫组的Cr~(3+)浓度超过3 mg·L~(-1)时,随着Cr~(3+)浓度的提高,C.vulgaris的生长受到明显的抑制,藻细胞的光合色素、蛋白质和可溶性糖含量呈现逐渐下降的趋势,而MDA含量持续增加,SOD和脯氨酸则表现出先持续增高后降低(Cr~(3+)浓度为7 mg·L~(-1)时)的趋势。证明不同浓度的Cr~(3+)对小球藻的生理生化特性有不同程度的毒性效应。