化学品固有生物降解性试验OECD标准方法的适用性检验与改进

在经济合作与发展组织(Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development,OECD)颁布的3项固有生物降解标准测试方法中,改进的MITI(Ⅱ)(OECD 302C)方法因适用于难溶、易吸附和弱挥发等物质的固有生物降解性评估,成为目前适用范围较为广的方法。但OECD 302C对接种物规定特殊,需周期性采集不少于10个位点、不同类型的接种物进行驯养,采集、驯养和维持成本及操作复杂程度相对高,而OECD 302C方法获取的化学品生物降解率并未优于其他2项固有生物降解方法。因此,对10位点采集并驯养不同时间的接种物及污水处理厂曝气池采集的活性污泥进行微生物学特征比较,采用Biolog微生物鉴定系统及磷脂脂肪酸分析系统研究2种不同接种物的代谢活性及群落多样性,同时比较2种接种物对6种化学品的固有生物降解能力。结果表明,驯养接种物在驯养14 d后,活性与多样性开始下降,与真实环境来源接种物(10位点采集且未驯养接种物,即驯养0 d的接种物)的微生物群落差别较大。驯养1个月后的接种物在碳源利用活性、降解能力上与污水处理厂曝气池新鲜采集的活性污泥无明显差异。故笔者认为,在试验条件下,OECD 302C标准方法中的驯养接种物未达到预期目的,未经驯养的活性污泥更能反映真实环境,未来可以活性污泥作为该方法的接种物进行后续降解方法改进的研究。     

Tertiary treatment of municipal wastewater using isolated algal strains: treatment efficiency and value-added products recovery

ABSTRACT

Two microalgal strains (Chlorella sorokiniana, A&B,) grown optimally at pH 9 (A) and 7 (B) were isolated from a municipal wastewater treatment plant. These strains were used to check their efficacy for nutrients and organic carbon removal capacities from the tertiary wastewater. The strains were characterised using 18S rDNA sequencing method and both the strains closely related to Chlorella sorokiniana. Different inoculum doses (IDs) of both the strains were tried to check their efficacy on wastewater treatment. Due to the increase in the IDs, hydraulic retention time decreased from 6 d to 1?d. On an average, 12–100% of total kjeldahl nitrogen, 53–96% NO₃–N, and 59–92% PO₄–P, were removed. Despite the same growth environment, strain A with the highest ID (700?mg/L) showed the best performance in terms of overall organic carbon removal, nutrient removal, and value-added products recovery. Strain A showed an increase in carbohydrate and protein content by 42% and 13%, respectively. Both the strains showed luxury phosphorus uptake and found suitable for advanced wastewater treatment.     

Analysis of Local Dandelion (Taraxacum officinales.l.) Cenopopulations from Radioactively Contaminated Zones

Local dandelion (Taraxacum officinales.l.) populations were studied in the areas of the Eastern Ural Radioactive Trace and the floodplain of the Techa River in its upper reaches. In impact plots, the density of soil and plant cover contamination with ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs exceeded the background level by factors of 13–440 and 2–500, respectively; the radiation load exceeded the background level by factors of 1.5 to 45. The seed progeny of plants from these plots was characterized by a high proportion of abnormal seedlings and an increased level of chromosome aberrations in meristem cells. In some years, variation in the seedling viability, growth rate, and developmental rate in these plots exceeded the reaction norm of plants from the background plot, demonstrating both stimulation and inhibition of growth processes. The response of seeds to acute irradiation at high challenging doses varied depending on the level of background radiation in the plots.     

接种比例对酒糟与餐厨垃圾混合厌氧发酵产沼气的影响

采用酒糟与餐厨垃圾作为混合发酵物料,并接种消化污泥进行厌氧干式发酵,比较接种比例(inoculum to substrate ratios,ISRs)(VS质量比)分别为0.5、0.8、1.0、2.0时的甲烷产率和产量、体系VFA、碱度、游离氨等指标。结果表明:接种比例的提高可有效提高甲烷产生速率,缩短发酵周期,减弱较高浓度VFA引起的抑制作用。当ISRs=1.0时产甲烷效果较好,累计产甲烷率为222.58mL/g,VS去除率达83.4%,继续增加接种比例对发酵效果影响不显著。此外,试验中适宜的VFA/碱度值为0.3～1.2,过大或过小都有可能抑制产甲烷过程。     

试验方法和接种物来源对苯甲酸钠快速生物降解率的影响

化学品的快速生物降解性直接影响其在环境中的迁移、转化和归宿,是鉴别其环境危害性和持久性的基本指标,是政府管理部门对化学品进行风险管理的重要科学依据,在生态毒理测试中具有非常重要的地位。为探讨试验方法、接种物来源以及两者的交互效应对苯甲酸钠生物降解率的影响,2013—2015年间以广州地区2个主要处理生活污水的污水处理厂(DTS、LD)为接种物来源,采用OECD 301系列试验方法(301B、301D和301F)进行了苯甲酸钠的快速生物降解性试验,共获得89个标准化测试数据。统计分析结果显示,接种物来源、试验方法与接种物来源的交互效应对苯甲酸钠生物降解率影响不显著,但试验方法单一因素的影响显著。本研究表明,当受试物为易生物降解时,接种物来源、试验方法和接种物来源的交互效应对该受试物的生物降解率无显著的影响,但在同一条件下,选择不同的试验方法往往会导致最终生物降解率出现明显差异。     

生物活性炭内吸附与生物降解协同去除有机污染物

本研究建立了一个确定BAC内2种机理去除有机物分配比例的试验方法.该方法以BAC进出水中溶解性有机碳（DOC）与可生物降解有机碳（BDOC）浓度变化作为评价参数,并利用此方法确定了臭氧投加量对2种去除机理的影响.臭氧化可以使BDOC浓度增加,臭氧投量为2～8mg/L时,BDOC增加0.12～0.54mg/L;BAC过滤使出水BDOC浓度降低为0.23～0.31mg/L.随着臭氧投量增加（2～8mg/L）,在BAC内生物降解作用去除有机物比例从46%增加到89%.     

菌剂对堆肥的作用及其应用

好氧高温堆肥是一种受微生物控制的有机物降解和转化的过程。在堆肥过程的不同阶段对有机物降解起关键作用的微生物种群不同。接种菌剂可以使堆肥物料快速达到高温、控制堆肥过程中臭气的产生，缩短堆肥腐熟进程；可以有效杀灭病原体和降解有机污染物，提高堆肥质量。堆肥产品含有生物活性的微生物，作物增产效果显著。文章总结了接种菌剂在堆肥过程中的作用和应用效果，提出接种菌剂的研究首先应利用传统微生物研究法和先进的分子生态学技术摸清堆肥过程中微生物活动规律，逐步筛选出所需功能性菌群，在堆肥应用时要确定菌剂的最佳接种时间和接种量。     

垃圾渗出液微生物循环强化培养菌剂在堆肥中的应用

针对垃圾堆肥过程中外加菌剂存在接种后菌剂活性衰退的问题,提出一种直接利用垃圾堆肥渗出液中微生物制备高效菌剂的方法．分别以堆肥高温阶段和中温阶段产生的渗出液中微生物为来源,利用自制培养基经4次循环强化培养制得高温菌剂和中温菌剂,进行了接种和不接种的好氧堆肥对比试验,测定了堆肥渗出液中微生物数量、堆体温度、纤维素酶活、pH和好氧速率等指标实验结果表明：(1)接种组渗出液中高温细菌、高温放线菌和高温霉菌数量平均是对照组的2．17倍;中温细菌、中温放线菌和中温霉菌数量平均是对照组的2．41倍,接种组微生物的数量明显多于对照组;(2)接种组的纤维素酶活性较对照组最大提高26%,且提前4d达到最大值;堆体耗氧速率在高温阶段和中温阶段分别提高37％和42．8％．说明接种后的微生物经过堆体微生态环境的自然选择作用,其代谢活性增强,对有机垃圾的降解能力明显提高,垃圾中纤维素更快地被分解和转化,有利于加快堆肥腐熟．     

Ecogenetic Characteristics of Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale s.l.) Populations from the Techa River Floodplain Ecosystems

This study looks into T. officinale cenopopulations growing in the Techa River floodplain under conditions of chronic low-dose irradiation. It has been shown that the left-bank and right-bank cenopopulations differ from one another, as well as from the control (background) population, in the allozyme structure, viability, and radioresistance of the seed progeny and the mechanisms of antioxidant protection. In nature, cenopopulations differing in their phenogenetic structure may have different strategies of adaptation to the chronic influence of low radiation doses against the background of changing environmental conditions. The consequences of irradiation for such cenopopulations, including the viability and radiosensitivity of their seed progenies, may also differ considerably.     

两种接种源微生物燃料电池同步降解刚果红与产电性能研究

分别以印染废水污泥和生活污水污泥接种微生物燃料电池(MFC-I和MFC-M),以刚果红为模型染料,研究了接种源对MFC同步脱色偶氮染料和产电性能的影响.结果表明,接种源对MFC同步降解刚果红与产电性能影响显著.产电方面,MFC-I的启动电压高于MFC-M,但稳定运行后二者最大输出电压差别不大.稳定运行阶段,MFC-M最大功率密度达到29.09 mW·m-2,比MFC-I高2.11倍;阳极极化阻抗(R ct)为748.9Ω,比MFC-I低38.0%.脱色方面,MFC-I对刚果红的脱色速率比MFC-M高14.4%~20.3%;但脱色产物一样,均为2-氨基—1,4-萘醌、2,2'-二氨基联苯、4,4'-二氨基联苯.经分离、纯化和鉴定,二者阳极均存在优势菌Pseudomonas sp.,但MFC-M阳极还存在优势菌Bacillus sp.,而MFC-I的阳极还存在优势菌Aquamicrobium sp..