接种物种类对玉米秸秆沼气干发酵过程的影响

以玉米秸秆为原料,分别以液态牛粪沼气发酵的剩余物及玉米秸秆沼气干发酵的沼渣为接种物进行沼气干发酵试验.秸秆与接种物之比(F/I,基于可挥发性固形物VS)分别为1、3、5,研究了接种物种类和接种量对沼气干发酵过程的启动速度、累积产气量以及微生物菌群结构变化等的影响.试验结果表明:接种液态牛粪沼气发酵剩余物的发酵罐的启动速度及累积产气量均明显优于以玉米秸秆沼气干发酵沼渣为接种物的发酵罐.以液态牛粪沼气的沼渣做接种物时,接种量F/I=1、3、5时的总产气量差异不显著(p0.05);用秸秆干发酵沼渣做接种物时,F/I=1的发酵罐能正常启动,但累积产气量为66.9 L·kg-1(以VS计),比接种液态牛粪沼气发酵剩余物的发酵罐低26%.而F/I=3和5的发酵罐则由于过度酸化而导致发酵失败.     

微生物菌剂对枸杞枝条粉发酵堆体腐熟效果的影响

为探讨外源微生物对枸杞枝条粉基质化发酵堆体腐熟进程的影响,采用随机区组设计〔T1（CK）,枸杞枝条粉150 kg;T2,枸杞枝条粉150 kg+尿素4.15 kg;T3,T2+粗纤维降解菌Ⅰ 75 g;T4,T2+粗纤维降解菌Ⅱ 75 g;T5,T2+锯末专用复合益菌75 g;T6,T2+EM菌液75 g;T7,T2+纤维素酶制剂75 g〕,以尿素为氮源,研究添加外源微生物对枸杞枝条粉基质化发酵过程中发酵指标参数的影响.结果表明:堆腐发酵至第6天时,各处理组的温度均达到最高值,其中,T3的温度达到68.2 ℃,T2~T7内部温度超过50 ℃的时间依次为6、9、9、7、8、7 d.外源微生物菌剂的施用增加了枸杞枝条粉腐熟发酵后的湿容重、干容重、总孔隙度、通气孔隙、持水孔隙.至发酵结束后,各处理组的湿容重在0.43~0.47 g/cm3之间,T6的增幅最大.堆腐发酵过程中w（NH₄+-N）变化呈先增后减的变化规律,发酵至第21天时,T4达784.81 mg/kg;w（NO₃--N）呈逐渐增加的趋势,在发酵14~49 d之间的增幅最大,其中,T3的平均日增加值最大,为16.02 mg/（kg·d）,而发酵70 d后各处理组w（NO₃--N）逐渐趋于平稳.发酵前21 d w（TOC）呈近直线下降,发酵前14 d w（TN）呈直线上升;堆腐发酵至第49天时,T2~T7的GI（germination index,发芽指数）均高于50%,其中,T7为73.92%,较T1（CK）高出26.52%;发酵至第91天时,T1~T7的GI均超过85%.研究显示,枸杞枝条发酵堆体基质化过程中添加尿素+粗纤维降解菌Ⅰ（Ⅱ）、尿素+EM菌液、尿素+锯末专用复合益菌等更有助于加快基质化进程、缩短发酵时间、提高发酵效率,可为枸杞枝条基质化工厂利用提供理论支撑.      

Dose Dependent Interactions Between Ammonification Potential and Bacteria in Three Tropical Pond Ecosystems

Using six different doses of peptone (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25 and 1.50 gl^-1) and nine different periods of inclubation (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 days), the rates of ammonification potential (AP) were monitored in three tropical ponds of differetn ecological status, during winter and summer periods. During the winter, the AP (ammonifying bacteria) exhibited peaks on day 4 of incubation in all the test doses of peptone in all the three ponds, except in the lowest dose in eutrophic and chemically polluted pond where the peaks preceded by a day. the responses of AP to the lowest doses of substrate did not differ between summer and winter, while the AP-peaks at higher doses were delayed by 2 days in summer. the concentrations of nitrate in vitro were the inverse and direct functions of the AP and dissolved oxygen of water. at moderate dose (0.75 gl^-1) of peptone, both AP and dissolved oxygen at higher doses, and by AP at the lowest dose of peptone.     

多溴二苯醚毒理学研究进展及展望(Research Progress and Future Perspectives in Toxicology Study on Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers)

多溴二苯醚(PBDEs)虽然已在一些国家禁止生产和使用,商品五溴和八溴二苯醚也在2009年被列入《关于持久性有机污染物(POPs)的斯德哥尔摩公约》受控范围内,但目前学术界对PBDEs的毒理学效应及其机制尤其是环境剂量效应的认识并不十分清楚. 论文从甲状腺干扰、神经毒性、生殖内分泌干扰3个方面介绍了近年来PBDEs毒理学研究的进展,分析了该领域研究中存在的几个问题,提出今后应大力开展环境相关剂量下PBDEs及代谢物的毒性研究,以推进对实际环境中PBDEs真实毒性的认识;同时探索能够反映PBDEs毒性的非创性生物标记物,为开展PBDEs人体健康影响的流行病学调查提供线索.     

耐盐复合菌剂生物强化处理高盐高硫废水

从实验室处理高盐废水的生物反应池中筛选到1株耐盐脱氮硫杆菌XSH7.为提高系统在高盐条件下的处理效果,将该硫杆菌和本实验室保藏的高效硝化菌SW32混合制成复合菌投加到SBR反应池中进行生物强化.比较了强化系统(BS)与非强化系统(NBS)的处理效果,研究了复合菌对系统去除COD、NH3-N和硫代硫酸盐(THS)的影响,并对投菌量与周期作了考察.结果表明,投加复合菌能加快COD降解速度,增强耐负荷冲击能力,提高COD、NH3-N和THS的去除率.10%(质量分数)投菌量的系统24 h即可达到稳定出水,COD、NH3-N和THS去除率最高可达到93%、92%、92%,最大耐受负荷分别为1.128 0,0.C74 5、1.053 0 kg/(m3·d).     

Dependence of Ozone Biomonitoring on Meteorological Conditions of Different Sites in Catalonia (N.E. Spain)

Evaluation of visual symptoms of ozone damage was conducted in the network of bioindicator rural stations of Catalonia (NE Spain) every 14 days from May to October. Damage rates of ozone (and consequently, ozone biomonitoring capacity of bioindicators) were found to vary highly in time and space depending on the local environmental and meteorological conditions. Lower ozone damage to foliage was produced when meteorological conditions favour stomata resistance. Modulatory effects of meteorological conditions need to be considered in biomonitoring and when modeling plant ozone doses and damage.     

阿特拉津土壤污染修复菌剂载体材料的筛选与应用

阿特拉津是长残留除草剂,其环境行为和生物修复技术已成为有机污染控制领域的研究热点。以廉价的高岭土、凹凸棒土和腐殖酸为载体材料,采用正交实验,把功能菌存活率作为目标性状,参考材料成球率,筛选出性能较好的高岭土、凹凸棒土和腐殖酸质量配比3种,分别为1∶0.5∶0.5(A3B2C1)、0.5∶0∶0.5(A2B3C1)和1∶0∶1(A3B1C2);在温度和紫外线耐受力实验中,A3B2C1材料配比更能够有效提升功能菌在高温和紫外线作用下的存活率,即载体中高岭土、凹凸棒土和腐殖酸质量比为1∶0.5∶0.5时效果最佳;利用A3B2C1载体材料配比制备菌剂,进行室内土壤修复实验,35 d时0.1%和0.5%载体菌剂添加量修复土壤中阿特拉津完全降解,而2个游离菌修复土壤中残留率均16%,0.1%载体菌剂添加量修复过程中土壤微生物Shannon多样性指数和均匀度变化幅度较其他修复方式小,有利于土壤微生物生态系统的平衡,因此0.1%载体菌剂添加量修复效果为最优。     

Occurrence and impact of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans in the air and soil around a municipal solid waste incinerator

To assess the influence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDD/Fs) on the environment in the vicinity of municipal solid waste incinerators(MSWIs), we determined the levels of PCDD/Fs in air and soil samples collected around a MSWI, which is the largest in China. The International Toxicity Equivalency Quantity(I-TEQ) concentrations of PCDD/Fs in air samples were from 0.0300 to 1.03 pg I-TEQ/m~3(0.445–13.6 pg/m~3), with an average of 0.237 pg I-TEQ/m~3, while in soil samples they ranged from 0.520 to 3.40 pg I-TEQ/g(2.41–88.7 pg/g) with an average of1.49 pg I-TEQ/g. The concentrations of PCDD/Fs in air and soil samples were comparable to other areas, and Pe CDFs were the dominant contributors, which was different from stack gas homologue patterns. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that PCDD/Fs emission from the MSWI did not directly affect the profiles of PCDD/Fs in air and soils, so that vehicles and unidentified emission sources should be considered. The daily inhalation levels of PCDD/Fs for children(0.0110 to 0.392 pg I-TEQ/(kg·day) and adults(0.00600 to 0.221 pg I-TEQ/(kg·day) near the MSWI were lower than the tolerable daily intake of 1.00 to 4.00 pg WHO-TEQ/(kg·day), but in winter the values were higher than in summer. These results can be used as basic data for assessing the risk of PCDD/Fs exposure in residents living around this MSWI, and more monitoring programs and studies should be carried out around MSWIs.     

生物降解实验中的接种物标准化研究

针对降解实验中接种物采集困难、活性差异大、实验可重复性及结果可比性差的问题展开接种物标准化研究。对多来源的接种物在实验室可控条件下进行驯养,驯养后生长状态良好的活性污泥分别固定于灭菌麸皮和藻酸钙凝胶等2种微生物载体上,形成2种固定化接种物(分别简称为Bran及Ball)。对上述固定化接种物进行微生物活性、适应性、降解能力以及稳定性研究:通过2种固定化接种物与商品化接种物Polyseed对葡萄糖-谷氨酸(GGA)五日生化需氧量(BOD5)的结果与活菌细胞数的关系,确认3种接种物在降解实验中的用量可控制在相同数量级;比较不同批次及保存时间的2种固定化接种物、相同批次不同保存时间的Polyseed以及污水处理厂曝气池污泥为接种物对苯胺及二甘醇的快速生物降解实验(OECD301F)结果,发现Ball及Bran较Polyseed及新鲜采集活性污泥的微生物适应性及降解能力更佳。此外,在较长保存期内2种固定化接种物活性相对稳定。2种固定化接种物初具成为标准化接种物的必要条件。     

基于代谢组学指标的土壤亚致死剂量汞对蚯蚓的毒性研究

将赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)暴露于亚致死剂量(1.0、5.0、25.0 mg·kg~(-1))汞污染土壤中4周,以蚯蚓个体(致死率、体重增长率)及小分子代谢物(代谢组)为指标研究其对汞的动态毒性响应,并采用最小二乘判别分析(OPLSA-DA)对暴露组及对照组的代谢物进行分类,进而识别潜在的标记物.结果表明,蚯蚓对汞的吸收尚未达到稳态,蚯蚓体内代谢物的响应依赖于暴露剂量及暴露时间.暴露1周时,蚯蚓体重略有增长但不显著;最低暴露剂量(1.0 mg·kg~(-1))导致蚯蚓体内亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、色氨酸、组氨酸、酪氨酸、5-氧脯氨酸、2-脱氧肌苷显著低于对照水平,柠檬酸、肌苷酸与腺苷在5.0、25.0 mg·kg~(-1)剂量下显著高于对照水平;暴露4周时,最高暴露剂量(25 mg·kg~(-1))显著抑制了蚯蚓的生长;汞添加组的蚯蚓体内谷氨酸、酪氨酸、马来酸、2-脱氧肌苷水平显著低于对照.上述代谢物对汞的动态变化表明它们可作为潜在生物标记物,用于诊断土壤汞污染.对代谢途径分析发现,1.0～25.0 mg·kg~(-1)汞即可破坏蚯蚓正常氨基酸代谢、三羧酸循环,扰乱能量代谢,对蚯蚓产生氧化损伤.本研究结果表明,相比个体水平的受试终点,代谢组学指标比个体水平指标能更敏感地响应较低剂量汞,是土壤汞污染生态毒性效应诊断的有效指标.另外,本研究结果可为土壤汞污染的风险评估及相关环境标准的修订提供大量基础数据.