基于代谢组学指标的土壤亚致死剂量汞对蚯蚓的毒性研究

将赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)暴露于亚致死剂量(1.0、5.0、25.0 mg·kg~(-1))汞污染土壤中4周,以蚯蚓个体(致死率、体重增长率)及小分子代谢物(代谢组)为指标研究其对汞的动态毒性响应,并采用最小二乘判别分析(OPLSA-DA)对暴露组及对照组的代谢物进行分类,进而识别潜在的标记物.结果表明,蚯蚓对汞的吸收尚未达到稳态,蚯蚓体内代谢物的响应依赖于暴露剂量及暴露时间.暴露1周时,蚯蚓体重略有增长但不显著;最低暴露剂量(1.0 mg·kg~(-1))导致蚯蚓体内亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、色氨酸、组氨酸、酪氨酸、5-氧脯氨酸、2-脱氧肌苷显著低于对照水平,柠檬酸、肌苷酸与腺苷在5.0、25.0 mg·kg~(-1)剂量下显著高于对照水平;暴露4周时,最高暴露剂量(25 mg·kg~(-1))显著抑制了蚯蚓的生长;汞添加组的蚯蚓体内谷氨酸、酪氨酸、马来酸、2-脱氧肌苷水平显著低于对照.上述代谢物对汞的动态变化表明它们可作为潜在生物标记物,用于诊断土壤汞污染.对代谢途径分析发现,1.0～25.0 mg·kg~(-1)汞即可破坏蚯蚓正常氨基酸代谢、三羧酸循环,扰乱能量代谢,对蚯蚓产生氧化损伤.本研究结果表明,相比个体水平的受试终点,代谢组学指标比个体水平指标能更敏感地响应较低剂量汞,是土壤汞污染生态毒性效应诊断的有效指标.另外,本研究结果可为土壤汞污染的风险评估及相关环境标准的修订提供大量基础数据.     

UBAF两种挂膜方式的试验研究

对复合式接种挂膜与自然挂膜两种挂膜方式进行比较，对两种挂膜方法下生物膜生长及对有机物和氨氮等指标的去除情况进行了测定和分析。结果表明，复合式接种挂膜可以加快曝气生物滤池的启动，7天后COD的去除率稳定在80％以上，启动时间比自然挂膜的UBAF滤柱缩短了7天，且该方式的一级C柱启动时间短，COD处理效果较好，二级C／N柱更利于硝化菌的生长和固定，NH3-N去除率达到73．2％。     

丛枝菌根真菌和两株细菌对土壤中DEHP降解及绿豆生长的影响

采用绿豆为供试植物,通过温室盆栽试验研究接种丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌与DEHP降解菌对DEHP污染土壤的修复作用以及对植物生长的影响.试验土壤中添加DEHP含量为100mg·kg-1,试验设AM真菌Acaulospora laelis 90034、降解菌Bacillus sp.DW1和Gordonia sp.DH3单独接种以及互相组合的联合接种处理,同时设置不接种的对照处理(CK).苗后60 d收获植株.结果表明,AM真菌能很好的侵染绿豆的根系,菌根侵染提高了绿豆地上部分的干重,而对根系的干重则没有显著的影响;同时菌根侵染也促进了绿豆的P营养.但接种DW1与DH3对菌根侵染率与绿豆生长都没有显著影响.3种菌剂无论是单独或者联合接种都能显著促进土壤中DEHP的降解,3种菌剂同时接种则对DEHP的降解能达到最好的协同作用,同时也减少DEHP在绿豆地上部分的累积,这为DEHP污染农田土壤的植物修复提供了理论依据.     

VA菌根菌剂的生产及其接种潜力的测定

VA菌很是由球囊霉目的结合菌与植物根组织形成的一类共生联合体，在农林业生产中具有巨大的应用前景．众多研究表明，VA菌根真菌是一种亟待开发利用的微生物资源．本文详细介绍了VA菌根真菌的繁殖方法，探讨了VA菌根菌剂的生产途径；文中还讨论了测定菌剂接种潜力的评价方法，重点介绍了最或然数测定法．     

微生物菌剂对畜禽粪便好氧堆肥过程中重金属钝化与氮转化的影响

本研究探讨了以黄孢原毛平革菌（p）、黑曲霉（a）和地衣芽孢杆菌（b）组合的一系列微生物复合菌剂对猪粪好氧堆肥效果、重金属钝化以及氮转化的影响.研究结果表明,在促进堆肥进程和腐熟程度的效果上,菌剂（b+p+a） > 菌剂（b+p） > 菌剂（p）.当b：p：a=1：5：5时（处理D）,种子发芽率指数（GI）在第16 d即达到80%,且C/N降低至11.4,效果最佳.在重金属钝化方面,钝化效果为：菌剂（p） > 菌剂（b+p+a） > 菌剂（b+p）.重金属Cu和Zn钝化效率在仅添加菌剂（p）时最高,钝化率分别达到69.7%和59.4%.在固氮效果方面,菌剂（b+p） > 菌剂（b+p+a） > 菌剂（p）,当b：p：a=1：8：0时（处理E）,固氮效果最优,与处理B（CK）相比,总氮和有机氮损失分别减少了17.3%和18.5%.由此可见,微生物菌剂配比对猪粪堆肥化进程、重金属钝化和氮素保持等具有重要影响.     

不同接种物对富集反硝化型甲烷厌氧氧化微生物的影响

在厌氧条件下,反硝化型甲烷厌氧氧化过程(Denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidation,DAMO)以CH_4为电子供体,以NO_3~-或NO_2~-作为电子受体,可同时实现甲烷氧化和废水中脱氮.本文利用两种电子受体(NO_3~-、NO_2~-)及不同接种污泥成功富集了4种DAMO培养物,研究了不同接种物对富集DAMO微生物的影响.结果表明,NO_3~-对富集DAMO古菌具有重要作用,而NO_2~-则对DAMO细菌的富集过程有较大影响.其次,在富集培养过程中,NH_4~+的存在会获得厌氧氨氧化(Anaerobic ammonium oxidation,Anammox)细菌与DAMO古菌的混培物,并形成协同关系,而DAMO细菌却因与Anammox细菌竞争而被淘汰.当NH_4~+不再加入,NO_3~-成为唯一氮源时,DAMO细菌重新出现并与DAMO古菌形成一种新的协同关系.此外,以淡水河道底泥、淡水湖泊底泥及水稻田土壤的混合物作为接种污泥而得到的DAMO富集培养物,其脱氮速率比以淡水河道底泥、活性污泥及厌氧消化污泥的混合物作为接种污泥的富集培养物高出3.3倍,但后者在驯化时间上缩短了36%.     

Transformation of organic matters in fresh leachate during anaerobic degradation under long hydraulic retention time

This study investigated the biodegradability of fresh leachate from a young municipal solid waste landfill at the inoculum to substrate ratios (V/V) of 10/100, 25/100, 50/100 and 100/100, as well as the transformation of organic matters in leachate under prolonged hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 50 d. Fresh leachate showed a good biodegradability, with chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal e ciency as high as 87%–92% and cumulative methane yield close to theoretical value (0.35 L CH4/g CODdeg). Methane production and COD depletion presented biphasic characteristics associated with the successive utilization of two major intermediates, acetate and propionate. The biphasic degradation of fresh leachate was resulted from the di erent hydrolysis rates of diverse substrates and the changes in microorganism community structure. After 50 d, the e uents were dominated by high-MW organic compounds (MW > 10 kDa) at each inoculum ratio, which might be refractory compounds released from cell lyses.     

免水生物降解型生态厕所专用菌剂

针对免水生物降解型生态厕所专用的进口菌种成本偏高、不能长期高效运行等现状,从土壤中分离筛选得到6株降解菌并将其培养成1组复合菌,然后分别进行降解实验。结果表明,7组实验菌对人体排泄物降解效果良好,其中复合菌种更好,COD降解率达到59%。对实验菌种进行初步鉴定,显示6株菌分别是粪肠球菌、木糖葡萄球菌、蜡状芽孢杆菌、产氨棒杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌和活动肉杆菌。优选的专用菌剂的制备及保存方法效果良好,保存半年后菌剂仍有较高活性。     

Nationwide indoor 222Rn and 220Rn map for India: a review

Considering the role of radon in epidemiology, an attempt was made to make a nation-wide map of indoor ²²²Rn and ²²⁰Rn for India. More than 5000 measurements have been carried out in 1500 dwellings across the country comprising urban and nonurban locations. The solid state nuclear track detectors based twin cup ²²²Rn/²²⁰Rn discrimination dosimeters were deployed for the measurement of indoor ²²²Rn, ²²⁰Rn and their progeny levels. The geometric means of estimated annual inhalation dose rate due to indoor ²²²Rn, ²²⁰Rn and their progeny in the dwellings was 0.94 mSvy⁻¹ (geometric standard deviation 2.5). It was observed that the major contribution to the indoor inhalation dose was due to indoor ²²²Rn and its progeny. However, the contribution due to indoor ²²⁰Rn and its progeny was not trivial as it was found to be about 20% of the total indoor inhalation dose rates. The indoor ²²²Rn levels in dwellings was significantly different depending on the nature of walls and floorings.     

Migration and biological effect of natural heavy radionuclides on plants

A complex radioecological study of technogenic landscapes of southern Yakutia showed that the main factor responsible for their contamination with uranium and radium is radionuclide dispersal by air with products of rock weathering. Coefficients of biological absorption by plants decrease with an increase in the contamination level, which is explained by the fact that strongly fixed forms of uranium and radium prevail in the contaminated areas. In addition, the root barrier plays an important role. Radiation load is mainly determined by background gamma-radiation. The contribution of internal irradiation accounted for by incorporated radionuclides does not exceed 16% and decreases with an increase in the level of soil contamination. Manchurian alder seeds produced under conditions of enhanced background radiation are more viable than those from the control area. It is shown that seed generations of plants growing under conditions of chronic irradiation are highly resistant to the radiation factor.