免水生物降解型生态厕所专用菌剂

针对免水生物降解型生态厕所专用的进口菌种成本偏高、不能长期高效运行等现状,从土壤中分离筛选得到6株降解菌并将其培养成1组复合菌,然后分别进行降解实验。结果表明,7组实验菌对人体排泄物降解效果良好,其中复合菌种更好,COD降解率达到59%。对实验菌种进行初步鉴定,显示6株菌分别是粪肠球菌、木糖葡萄球菌、蜡状芽孢杆菌、产氨棒杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌和活动肉杆菌。优选的专用菌剂的制备及保存方法效果良好,保存半年后菌剂仍有较高活性。     

病死猪厌氧发酵特性研究

为提高病死猪厌氧发酵甲烷转化率和挥发性固体降解率,实现病死猪的无害化处理向资源化利用方向转变,选择温度和接种比例2个关键因素进行厌氧发酵试验。温度选择35℃和55℃,接种比例按照接种物与底物的挥发性固体质量比分别确定为0∶10、1∶9、2∶8、3∶7、4∶6、5∶5、6∶4、7∶3、8∶2、9∶1、10∶0,采用序批式发酵。研究发现,发酵试验至不同水平,试验都进入停止产气期,此时测定发酵液相代谢产物成分,以优化工艺参数。试验结果表明,病死猪厌氧发酵最佳工艺条件为接种物与底物的挥发性固体质量比为5∶5,温度为35℃,该最佳工艺条件下挥发性固体甲烷产率为271 m L/g,挥发性固体降解率为63.4%。     

地下渗滤系统微生物菌剂的研制及对污水的处理效能

地下渗滤污水处理系统具有投资少、设备简单、费用低、管理简便等特点。主要是通过添加自行研制的微生物菌剂改善土壤性状和增强地下渗滤系统中微生物活性,并进行菌剂的生理生化试验和污水处理试验;试验表明菌剂具有较高的微生物活性,添加在地下渗滤系统中,缩短了系统启动运行时间,提高了有机物降解和硝化效率。     

隐孢子虫病及其水媒传播控制

隐孢子虫通过水媒传播疾病已引起世界各国广泛关注。本文对隐孢子虫及隐孢子虫病的发生、流行病学特点、症状和影响进行了综合评述 ;介绍了隐孢子虫的采集和检测方法、剂量 反应模式 ,以为供水管理部门提供制定隐孢子虫水质标准的依据 ;重点介绍了国外去除水中隐孢子虫的方法 ;简要分析了隐孢子虫病的爆发原因 ;提出了防止和减少隐孢子虫病爆发的基本对策。     

Physiological Rearrangements in the Progeny of White Rats in the Zone of the Chernobyl Accident

Studies on six generations of white rats kept at the experimental station in Chernobyl showed that the dynamics of hormonal rearrangements and endocrine responses evoked by additional stress (hypokinesia) were generation- and sex-dependent. The male rats of the first five generations were characterized by hypercorticoidism, early involutional shifts, and decreased reactivity in response to hypokinesia. By the sixth and seventh generations, the hormonal profiles shifted toward an increase in the background level of sex hormones and their role in the response to hypokinesia. In female rats, the hormonal indices and reactivity changed less significantly.     

Preliminary assessment of current radiation doses to the population of Brodokalmak from contamination of the Techa River

Significant quantities of liquid radioactive waste were discharged to the Techa River in the southern Urals region of Russia in the early years of operation of the Mayak PA plant (1948–1951). A collaborative project is underway under contract to the European Commission to consider the radiological impact of radioactive contamination in the Southern Urals. Part of this project involves the calculation of radiation doses currently received by the population of Brodokalmak on the Techa river. The assessment made use of local data on the habits of the population and measurements of radionuclide activity concentrations in food and water. Exposure pathways included in the assessment were ingestion of foods and external exposure to gamma radiation from radionuclides deposited on the banks of the river. A range of doses was calculated for different age groups, firstly, assuming that the restrictions in place are retained and, secondly, assuming that there are no restrictions. These restrictions include bans on drinking river water, fishing and bathing in the river and the prohibition of use of the river and surrounding flood plains by humans and cattle. With restrictions the highest dose estimated was 0.56 mSv y⁻¹ for the most exposed adults and without restrictions this increased to 3.4 mSv y⁻¹.     

试验方法和接种物来源对苯甲酸钠快速生物降解率的影响

化学品的快速生物降解性直接影响其在环境中的迁移、转化和归宿,是鉴别其环境危害性和持久性的基本指标,是政府管理部门对化学品进行风险管理的重要科学依据,在生态毒理测试中具有非常重要的地位。为探讨试验方法、接种物来源以及两者的交互效应对苯甲酸钠生物降解率的影响,2013~2015年间以广州地区2个主要处理生活污水的污水处理厂(DTS、LD)为接种物来源,采用OECD 301系列试验方法(301B、301D和301F)进行了苯甲酸钠的快速生物降解性试验,共获得89个标准化测试数据。统计分析结果显示,接种物来源、试验方法与接种物来源的交互效应对苯甲酸钠生物降解率影响不显著,但试验方法单一因素的影响显著。本研究表明,当受试物为易生物降解时,接种物来源、试验方法和接种物来源的交互效应对该受试物的生物降解率无显著的影响,但在同一条件下,选择不同的试验方法往往会导致最终生物降解率出现明显差异。     

Comparison effect of feedstock to inoculum ratios on biogas yields of cafeteria,vegetable, fruit wastes with cattle manure using co-digestion process

Cafeteria, vegetable, fruit, and cattle manure are available year around at low cost and have the potential to complement each other for anaerobic digestion (AD). The objectives of this study were to determine the preferred mixing ratios and effects of feedstock to inoculum ratios for the optimal biogas production. The mesophilic digestion tests were performed with five mixing ratios of CW, VW, FW with CM and five feedstock to inoculum (F/I) ratios using batch anaerobic digesters. Co-digestion of CW, VW, FW with CM was carried out at F/I ratios of 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0. The results showed that the F/I ratio significantly affected the biogas production rate. Increasing the CW, VW, FW in the CM resulted in an increased methane yield by decreasing the F/I ratios in the reactors from 5.0 to 1.0. The highest biogas yields of 591.3, 432.9, and 450.6 L/kg VS_feed were obtained with CW/CM (50:50), VW/CM (25:75), and FW/CM (25:75) ratios, respectively. At five F/Is tested, after 45 days of AD, the total biogas yields were determined to be 629.74, 552.64, 501.87, 464.66, and 396.04 L and 496.93, 460.02, 420.5, 398.14, and 336.20 L, and 455.03, 382.81, 349.78, 340.95, and 298.53 L, respectively. However, the highest average CH₄ contents obtained at an F/I of 1.0 were 62.14%, 60.72%, and 61.08% that are 5.87%, 9.47%, and 10.17% higher than those obtained at F/I ratio of 5.0 for CW/CM (50:50), VW/CM (25:75), and FW/CM (25:75), respectively.     

焦化废水BOD5接种质量控制

接种是BOD5质量控制关键。为了提高生物毒性较大的焦化废水BOD5测定结果的精密度和准确度,本文采用焦化废水活性污泥制备接种液,考察了接种底质和接种量对测定结果的影响。接种量为3～5mL/L时,BOD5值达到了GB 7488-1987质控要求。2个月的稳定性考察实验以及对随机水样的测定结果表明,该方法制备的接种液活性高、稳定性好,对改进焦化废水BOD5的监测有一定的现实指导意义。     

复合菌剂强化处理高盐废水脱氮效果

将耐盐脱氮复合菌剂投加到序批式生物反应器中,构建生物强化高盐废水处理系统(SBR1),以未投加复合菌剂系统(SBR2)作为对照,分析典型周期中氮素和溶解氧的变化趋势以及盐度冲击对脱氮效果的影响.实验表明,在曝气时间为6h时,生物强化系统脱氮率可稳定在96％以上,出水总氮浓度为3.8 mg/L左右.反应中始终无硝氮、亚硝氮积累,生物强化系统具有同步硝化好氧反硝化能力.当受到5％和7％较高盐度冲击时,生物强化系统表现出优于对照系统的抗盐度冲击能力,能够快速恢复原有活性,且出水总氮低于15 mg/L;当受到0％盐度的淡水冲击时,对照系统中耐盐污泥失活且无法恢复,而生物强化系统只需投加少量(3％)耐盐脱氮复合菌剂,即可快速恢复活性,出水总氮低于15 mg/L.本研究能够为生物强化高盐废水脱氮系统的构建和运行提供技术支持.