Nationwide indoor 222Rn and 220Rn map for India: a review

Considering the role of radon in epidemiology, an attempt was made to make a nation-wide map of indoor ²²²Rn and ²²⁰Rn for India. More than 5000 measurements have been carried out in 1500 dwellings across the country comprising urban and nonurban locations. The solid state nuclear track detectors based twin cup ²²²Rn/²²⁰Rn discrimination dosimeters were deployed for the measurement of indoor ²²²Rn, ²²⁰Rn and their progeny levels. The geometric means of estimated annual inhalation dose rate due to indoor ²²²Rn, ²²⁰Rn and their progeny in the dwellings was 0.94 mSvy⁻¹ (geometric standard deviation 2.5). It was observed that the major contribution to the indoor inhalation dose was due to indoor ²²²Rn and its progeny. However, the contribution due to indoor ²²⁰Rn and its progeny was not trivial as it was found to be about 20% of the total indoor inhalation dose rates. The indoor ²²²Rn levels in dwellings was significantly different depending on the nature of walls and floorings.     

试验方法和接种物来源对苯甲酸钠快速生物降解率的影响

化学品的快速生物降解性直接影响其在环境中的迁移、转化和归宿,是鉴别其环境危害性和持久性的基本指标,是政府管理部门对化学品进行风险管理的重要科学依据,在生态毒理测试中具有非常重要的地位。为探讨试验方法、接种物来源以及两者的交互效应对苯甲酸钠生物降解率的影响,2013~2015年间以广州地区2个主要处理生活污水的污水处理厂(DTS、LD)为接种物来源,采用OECD 301系列试验方法(301B、301D和301F)进行了苯甲酸钠的快速生物降解性试验,共获得89个标准化测试数据。统计分析结果显示,接种物来源、试验方法与接种物来源的交互效应对苯甲酸钠生物降解率影响不显著,但试验方法单一因素的影响显著。本研究表明,当受试物为易生物降解时,接种物来源、试验方法和接种物来源的交互效应对该受试物的生物降解率无显著的影响,但在同一条件下,选择不同的试验方法往往会导致最终生物降解率出现明显差异。     

Comparison effect of feedstock to inoculum ratios on biogas yields of cafeteria,vegetable, fruit wastes with cattle manure using co-digestion process

Cafeteria, vegetable, fruit, and cattle manure are available year around at low cost and have the potential to complement each other for anaerobic digestion (AD). The objectives of this study were to determine the preferred mixing ratios and effects of feedstock to inoculum ratios for the optimal biogas production. The mesophilic digestion tests were performed with five mixing ratios of CW, VW, FW with CM and five feedstock to inoculum (F/I) ratios using batch anaerobic digesters. Co-digestion of CW, VW, FW with CM was carried out at F/I ratios of 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0. The results showed that the F/I ratio significantly affected the biogas production rate. Increasing the CW, VW, FW in the CM resulted in an increased methane yield by decreasing the F/I ratios in the reactors from 5.0 to 1.0. The highest biogas yields of 591.3, 432.9, and 450.6 L/kg VS_feed were obtained with CW/CM (50:50), VW/CM (25:75), and FW/CM (25:75) ratios, respectively. At five F/Is tested, after 45 days of AD, the total biogas yields were determined to be 629.74, 552.64, 501.87, 464.66, and 396.04 L and 496.93, 460.02, 420.5, 398.14, and 336.20 L, and 455.03, 382.81, 349.78, 340.95, and 298.53 L, respectively. However, the highest average CH₄ contents obtained at an F/I of 1.0 were 62.14%, 60.72%, and 61.08% that are 5.87%, 9.47%, and 10.17% higher than those obtained at F/I ratio of 5.0 for CW/CM (50:50), VW/CM (25:75), and FW/CM (25:75), respectively.     

焦化废水BOD5接种质量控制

接种是BOD5质量控制关键。为了提高生物毒性较大的焦化废水BOD5测定结果的精密度和准确度,本文采用焦化废水活性污泥制备接种液,考察了接种底质和接种量对测定结果的影响。接种量为3～5mL/L时,BOD5值达到了GB 7488-1987质控要求。2个月的稳定性考察实验以及对随机水样的测定结果表明,该方法制备的接种液活性高、稳定性好,对改进焦化废水BOD5的监测有一定的现实指导意义。     

复合菌剂强化处理高盐废水脱氮效果

将耐盐脱氮复合菌剂投加到序批式生物反应器中,构建生物强化高盐废水处理系统(SBR1),以未投加复合菌剂系统(SBR2)作为对照,分析典型周期中氮素和溶解氧的变化趋势以及盐度冲击对脱氮效果的影响.实验表明,在曝气时间为6h时,生物强化系统脱氮率可稳定在96％以上,出水总氮浓度为3.8 mg/L左右.反应中始终无硝氮、亚硝氮积累,生物强化系统具有同步硝化好氧反硝化能力.当受到5％和7％较高盐度冲击时,生物强化系统表现出优于对照系统的抗盐度冲击能力,能够快速恢复原有活性,且出水总氮低于15 mg/L;当受到0％盐度的淡水冲击时,对照系统中耐盐污泥失活且无法恢复,而生物强化系统只需投加少量(3％)耐盐脱氮复合菌剂,即可快速恢复活性,出水总氮低于15 mg/L.本研究能够为生物强化高盐废水脱氮系统的构建和运行提供技术支持.     

化学品快速生物降解性测试不同接种物生物学评价

以2个市政污水处理厂(分别简称LD和DT)的活性污泥和二级出水样品作为接种物,分别采用“密闭瓶法”和“呼吸计量法”实验,测试2,4-二氯苯酚和联苯的降解性.结果表明,在密闭瓶法实验中,2个二级出水样品都能使2,4-二氯苯酚的降解率达到超过60％的通过水平;LD和DT的二级出水样品分别使联苯表现为难降解性和可降解性.在呼吸计量法实验中,LD和DT的活性污泥分别使2,4-二氯苯酚表现为难降解性和易降解性,而均使联苯表现为可降解性.选用的接种物和测试方法的不同会导致受试物的降解性结果显示出明显的差异性.因此,对于化学品的降解性测试,不仅需要标准方法,还需要相关权威机构提供标准接种物.     

接种比例和温度对餐厨废弃物厌氧发酵特性的影响

为提高餐厨废弃物厌氧发酵的甲烷转化率和挥发性固体降解率,分别在35℃和55℃条件下,采用批式发酵工艺,考察了接种物与底物的挥发性固体量之比对餐厨废弃物厌氧发酵挥发性固体甲烷产率、挥发性固体降解率、液相末端产物组成和pH值等发酵特性的影响。结果表明,温度和接种比例共同决定厌氧发酵停留阶段,在35℃发酵时接种比例大于50∶50的处理和55℃发酵时接种比例大于30∶70的处理以产甲烷发酵为主,其余以酸化发酵为主;游离氨抑制导致高温组的甲烷含量、挥发性固体甲烷产率和甲烷转化率均低于中温组;发生酸化处理组底物的挥发性固体降解率均低于40%,产甲烷发酵处理组挥发性固体降解率均高于80%。     

Preliminary assessment of current radiation doses to the population of Brodokalmak from contamination of the Techa River

Significant quantities of liquid radioactive waste were discharged to the Techa River in the southern Urals region of Russia in the early years of operation of the Mayak PA plant (1948–1951). A collaborative project is underway under contract to the European Commission to consider the radiological impact of radioactive contamination in the Southern Urals. Part of this project involves the calculation of radiation doses currently received by the population of Brodokalmak on the Techa river. The assessment made use of local data on the habits of the population and measurements of radionuclide activity concentrations in food and water. Exposure pathways included in the assessment were ingestion of foods and external exposure to gamma radiation from radionuclides deposited on the banks of the river. A range of doses was calculated for different age groups, firstly, assuming that the restrictions in place are retained and, secondly, assuming that there are no restrictions. These restrictions include bans on drinking river water, fishing and bathing in the river and the prohibition of use of the river and surrounding flood plains by humans and cattle. With restrictions the highest dose estimated was 0.56 mSv y⁻¹ for the most exposed adults and without restrictions this increased to 3.4 mSv y⁻¹.     

Physiological Rearrangements in the Progeny of White Rats in the Zone of the Chernobyl Accident

Studies on six generations of white rats kept at the experimental station in Chernobyl showed that the dynamics of hormonal rearrangements and endocrine responses evoked by additional stress (hypokinesia) were generation- and sex-dependent. The male rats of the first five generations were characterized by hypercorticoidism, early involutional shifts, and decreased reactivity in response to hypokinesia. By the sixth and seventh generations, the hormonal profiles shifted toward an increase in the background level of sex hormones and their role in the response to hypokinesia. In female rats, the hormonal indices and reactivity changed less significantly.     

地下渗滤系统微生物菌剂的研制及对污水的处理效能

地下渗滤污水处理系统具有投资少、设备简单、费用低、管理简便等特点。主要是通过添加自行研制的微生物菌剂改善土壤性状和增强地下渗滤系统中微生物活性,并进行菌剂的生理生化试验和污水处理试验;试验表明菌剂具有较高的微生物活性,添加在地下渗滤系统中,缩短了系统启动运行时间,提高了有机物降解和硝化效率。