无机条件下硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化反应的特性

在循环流厌氧反应器中研究了无机条件下采用厌氧颗粒污泥启动硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化(S-ANAMMOX)的反应特性。结果表明:在1~124 d的运行时间内,从第37天开始出现了NH4+-N和SO_4~(2-)的同步去除,生成NO_2~-,NO_3~-,反应最终产物为N2和单质硫,NH4+-N和SO_4~(2-)的最高去除率分别达到92.47%和59.3%;当进水nN∶nS较高时,能显著提高NH4+-N去除率和总氮去除率;SO_4~(2-)与NH4+发生氧化还原反应产生NO2-和NO3-是pH降低的过程;进水nN∶nS、进水平均NH_4~+-N、SO_4~(2-)质量浓度和HRT均对S-ANAMMOX反应的氮硫转化比有一定影响,表明S-ANAMMOX反应是一个多步反应。     

曝气+化学絮凝法预处理环氧丙烷废水简

根据环氧丙烷废水的特点,应用电化学法处理具有较高的可行性。运用电化学法处理PO废水前必须进行废水预处理,用以提高电流效率和延长极板寿命。采用曝气和化学絮凝结合的方法去除PO废水中的Ca²⁺,同时去除部分COD。对曝气、无机絮凝剂（PACl、PFS）和有机絮凝剂（PAM）对PO废水处理过程中的曝气量、曝气时间、投药量、复配和沉降时间等主要影响因子进行了实验研究,通过比较Ca²⁺、COD的去除效果、絮凝剂用量、沉降时间、处理成本等方面,在设定的实验参数下得到最佳预处理方案为：曝气量为2.5 L/min,曝气45 min,投加Na₂CO₃粉末24 kg/t 废水,充分混匀后加入PFS+PAM复配絮凝剂。本方案具有废水处理效果好（Ca²⁺的去除率为77.03%,COD的去除率为37.46%）、投药量少（（100+7.5）g/t废水）、沉降时间短（5 min）、处理成本低（0.675元/t废水）等优点。通过对比经预处理和不经预处理后电化学法对COD去除效果、电流和处理后阴极表面,验证了预处理方案的必要性与可行性。     

铁负载阴离子交换树脂高效除磷研究

针对污水处理生化出水高磷酸盐浓度对水体富营养化影响的问题,采用阴离子交换树脂(AER)为基质材料,利用树脂上—NH2官能团中的N原子与Fe3+发生配位聚合,制备了除磷聚合配位交换吸附剂(Fe—PLE)。并采用Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附方程对Fe—PLE和原AER进行了比较,发现Fe—PLE更加趋向化学吸附类型,且Fe—PLE最大吸附容量达到93.05 mg/g,比AER提高了47.98%。通过SEM、EDS、FT-IR及TGA对吸附前后Fe—PLE和AER的表征比较,认为通过配位作用形成Fe—O配位键是Fe—PLE的可溶性无机磷吸附效率提高的主要原因。通过静态吸附实验考察了吸附时间、p H和竞争性阴离子对AER和Fe—PLE吸附的影响,结果显示,Fe—PLE吸附平衡时间为1.5 h,比AER稍高;2种吸附填料都在p H 7.0时效率最高,AER的磷吸附效率对p H较为敏感,Fe—PLE能够在相对较宽的p H范围内保持高去除率;竞争性阴离子对AER磷吸附的负面影响较大,而Fe—PLE依靠其Fe—O的配位作用具有一定的抗干扰能力。通过4次循环再生实验,Fe—PLE表现出良好再生能力的同时磷有较高的回收利用率。     

厌氧硫酸盐还原-氨氧化的研究

采用厌氧序批式反应器,在无机营养条件下培养历时354 d,成功实现了SO2-4和NH+4的同步生物去除。结果表明,提高进水的TN负荷有利于促进硫酸盐还原-氨氧化的发生,当进水TN负荷提高到120 mg/(L·d)时,对TN的平均去除速率和硫酸盐硫的平均去除速率达到了最大,分别为64.43 mg/(L·d)和44.82 mg/(L·d);在同步生物脱氮除硫前期生成了大量的NO-3-N,平均浓度为53.88 mg/L,远大于由Anammox反应生成的量,推测部分NO-3是直接由NH+4和SO2-4发生氧化还原反应生成。该体系中存在单质硫的自养反硝化,可以解释反应后期硫酸盐重生成的现象。     

纳滤处理炼化污水反渗透浓水

分别采用4种纳滤膜处理某炼化公司的反渗透浓水。在初始COD为57.8 mg/L、TOC为23.94 mg/L、ρ(Ca2+)为289.0 mg/L、ρ(Mg2+)为54.6 mg/L、ρ(SO42-)为327.7 mg/L、ρ(Cl-)为1 106.8 mg/L的条件下,经纳滤处理后COD去除率达60%以上,污水COD降至30 mg/L以下,TOC去除率为31.9%~85.5%,阳离子的去除率为33.9%~97.0%,SO42-的去除率为63.3%~97.6%,Cl-的去除率较低。膜A的膜孔分布密集,具有很高的通量,对有机物和无机盐的截留效果较差;膜B和膜C对有机物和二价离子的截留效果较好;膜D的膜孔分布稀松,膜通量最低,对有机物和无机盐的截留能力均较强,但随出水体积的增加,对无机盐的截留能力下降较为明显。4种纳滤膜的性能各异,可满足不同企业的需求,具有良好的应用前景。     

The mitigating effect of calcification-dependent of utilization of inorganic carbon of Chara vulgaris Linn on NH4-N toxicity

Increased ammonium (NH₄-N) concentrations in water bodies have been reported to adversely affect the dominant species of submersed vegetation in meso-eutrophic waters worldwide. However calcareous plants were lowly sensitive to NH₄-N toxicity.     

铁岭市土壤污染状况分析

对铁岭市耕地、林地及自然保护区三种类型土壤进行采样和化验分析,结果表明:铁岭市全市的土壤以弱酸性为主,营养成分含量在2.660%以下,颗粒组成大部分以砂粒为主,无机污染物和有机污染物含量仅一个点位超标。用土壤综合污染指数法评价出大部分区域土壤为安全等级,仅少部分区域土壤为警戒限等级。     

Oral administration of potassium bromate, a major water disinfection by-product, induces oxidative stress and impairs the antioxidant power of rat blood

Potassium bromate (KBrO₃) is a widely used food additive, a water disinfection by-product and a known nephrotoxic agent. The effect of KBrO₃ on rat blood, especially on the anti-oxidant defense system, was studied in this work. Animals were given a single oral dose of KBrO₃ (100 mg/kg body weight) and sacrificed 12, 24, 48, 96 and 168 h after this treatment. Blood was collected from the animals and separated into plasma and erythrocytes. KBrO₃ administration resulted in increased lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, hydrogen peroxide levels and decreased the reduced glutathione content indicating the induction of oxidative stress in blood. Methemoglobin levels and methemoglobin reductase activity were significantly increased while the total anti-oxidant power was greatly reduced upon KBrO₃ treatment. Nitric oxide levels were enhanced while vitamin C concentration decreased in KBrO₃ treated animals. The activities of major anti-oxidant enzymes were also altered upon KBrO₃ treatment. The maximum changes in all these parameters were 48 h after the administration of KBrO₃ and then recovery took place. These results show for the first time that KBrO₃ induces oxidative stress in blood and impairs the anti-oxidant defense system. Thus impairment in the anti-oxidant power and alterations in the activities of major anti-oxidant enzymes may play an important role in mediating the toxic effects of KBrO₃ in the rat blood. The study of such biochemical events in blood will help elucidate the molecular mechanism of action of KBrO₃ and also for devising methods to overcome its toxic effects.     

Volatile organic compounds at swine facilities: A critical review

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are regulated aerial pollutants that have environmental and health concerns. Swine operations produce and emit a complex mixture of VOCs with a wide range of molecular weights and a variety of physicochemical properties. Significant progress has been made in this area since the first experiment on VOCs at a swine facility in the early 1960s. A total of 47 research institutions in 15 North American, European, and Asian countries contributed to an increasing number of scientific publications. Nearly half of the research papers were published by U.S. institutions.Investigated major VOC sources included air inside swine barns, in headspaces of manure storages and composts, in open atmosphere above swine wastewater, and surrounding swine farms. They also included liquid swine manure and wastewater, and dusts inside and outside swine barns. Most of the sample analyses have been focusing on identification of VOC compounds and their relationship with odors. More than 500 VOCs have been identified. About 60% and 10% of the studies contributed to the quantification of VOC concentrations and emissions, respectively. The largest numbers of VOC compounds with reported concentrations in a single experimental study were 82 in air, 36 in manure, and 34 in dust samples.The relatively abundant VOC compounds that were quantified in at least two independent studies included acetic acid, butanoic acid (butyric acid), dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl sulfide, iso-valeric, p-cresol, propionic acid, skatole, trimethyl amine, and valeric acid in air. They included acetic acid, p-cresol, iso-butyric acid, butyric acid, indole, phenol, propionic acid, iso-valeric acid, and skatole in manure. In dust samples, they were acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, p-cresol, hexanal, and decanal. Swine facility VOCs were preferentially bound to smaller-size dusts.Identification and quantification of VOCs were restricted by using instruments based on gas Chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) with different detectors most of which require time-consuming procedures to obtain results. Various methodologies and technologies in sampling, sample preparation, and sample analysis have been used. Only four publications reported using GC based analyzers and PTR-MS (proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry) that allowed continuous VOC measurement. Because of this, the majority of experimental studies were only performed on limited numbers of air, manure, or dust samples. Many aerial VOCs had concentrations that were too low to be identified by the GC peaks.Although VOCs emitted from swine facilities have environmental concerns, only a few studies investigated VOC emission rates, which ranged from 3.0 to 176.5 mg d⁻¹ kg⁻¹ pig at swine finishing barns and from 2.3 to 45.2 g d⁻¹ m⁻² at manure storages. Similar to the other pollutants, spatial and temporal variations of aerial VOC concentrations and emissions existed and were significantly affected by manure management systems, barn structural designs, and ventilation rates.Scientific research in this area has been mainly driven by odor nuisance, instead of environment or health concerns. Compared with other aerial pollutants in animal agriculture, the current scientific knowledge about VOCs at swine facilities is still very limited and far from sufficient to develop reliable emission factors.     

西南喀斯特流域土地利用对河流溶解无机碳及其同位素的影响

河流溶解无机碳(DIC)作为流域碳循环的重要部分一直备受关注,其稳定同位素(δ13CDIC)能够反映DIC来源和转化过程,而其受土地利用变化的影响的研究还较为缺乏.为了研究喀斯特河流水体DIC和δ13CDIC的影响因素,在典型喀斯特流域赤水河进行了河水样品采集与分析.赤水河流域上游主要分布碳酸盐岩而下游分布硅酸盐岩,且...