双酚A诱导下双齿围沙蚕实时荧光定量P CR内参基因的筛选

为了筛选出在双酚A诱导下双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis)体壁组织中最适内参基因,以不同浓度双酚A诱导下双齿围沙蚕互补脱氧核糖核酸(cDNA)为模板进行实时荧光定量PCR,利用Ge Norm、Norm Finder和Bestkeeper三个软件对肌动蛋白(beta-actin, Actin)、核糖体蛋白5(ribosomal protein L5, RPL5)、甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, GAPDH)、微管蛋白(β-tubulin, Tub)、琥珀酸脱氢酶(succinate dehydrogenase complex flavoprotein subunit A, SDHA)和组蛋白(Histone Cluster 1 H_2A Family Member A, HH_2A)这6个备选内参基因的表达量进行分析,筛选出稳定表达的内参基因。结果表明6个内参基因的基因表达量由大到小为ActinGAPDHSDHAHH_2ATubRPL5,Bestkeeper软件分析得到6种内参基因稳定性排名为ActinRPL5SDHATubHH_2AGAPDH,Ge Norm软件分析得出6种内参基因的稳定性排名为SDHARPL5ActinTubHH_2AGAPDH,Normfinder分析的结果为ActinSDHARPL5TubHH_2AGAPDH。综合以上结果确定双酚A诱导下双齿围沙蚕最优内参基因为Actin,不推荐GAPDH作为内参基因使用。推荐同时选取多对内参基因进行实验,可以进一步减少误差。     

利用RFLP分析DO对附积床系统中AOB群落结构的影响

为了解析DO浓度对附积床反应器脱氮系统中COD、NH4+-N、TN去除效率的影响,以及对氨氧化菌群(AOB)结构及多样性的影响,分析了DO分别为1.0~2.0,2.0~3.0,3.0~4.0mg/L时COD、NH4+-N、TN去除效率,并采用针对AOB功能基因氨单加氧酶(amoA)的限制性内切酶片段长度多态性技术(RFLP)分析了三组DO浓度下反应器中AOB的群落结构及多样性.结果表明,不同DO条件下,系统均取得较高的COD和NH4+-N的去除效果, NH4+-N的去除效率随着DO的增加而提高.不同DO浓度下反应器生物膜上AOB菌群多样性丰富,且与DO对AOB菌群的多样性影响较小相比,DO对AOB的菌群结构及种类的影响较大.     

城市污水处理系统中沙门氏菌对四环素和磺胺甲恶唑的耐药性

耐药性病原菌的出现对人类健康构成潜在威胁. 为揭示耐药性沙门氏菌在城市污水处理系统中的存在和分布特征,从2座城市污水处理厂的不同处理单元中分离得到81株沙门氏菌,采用Kirby-Bauer纸片琼脂扩散法考察它们对四环素和磺胺甲恶唑的耐药性. 利用PCR检测方法,分析耐药基因tetA、tetB、sul1、sul2和sul3在耐药沙门氏菌中的分布情况. 结果表明:分离得到的沙门氏菌对四环素和磺胺甲恶唑的耐药率分别为53.1%和40.7%,其中大部分菌株同时对这2种抗生素具有耐药性;从氯消毒出水中分离到的沙门氏菌对四环素和磺胺甲恶唑的二重耐药率比原污水中的高30.7%;城市污水中耐四环素和耐磺胺甲恶唑沙门氏菌中主要的耐药基因分别为tetA和sul3,经过污水处理系统之后耐药基因的分布发生了显著变化. 研究表明,污水处理厂的原水和排放水中沙门氏菌的耐药性问题已十分突出,可能对人类健康造成较大的风险.      

马氏珠母贝hsp90基因的克隆及芘胁迫对其表达水平的影响

利用简并引物PCR(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)方法和cDNA末端快速扩增(rapid amplification of cDNA ends,RACE)技术获得马氏珠母贝Pinctada martensii hsp90基因cDNA序列,全长为2 584 bp。根据所得序列设计定量特异性PCR引物,采用半定量RT-PCR以及实时荧光定量(real-time PCR)PCR检测了马氏珠母贝外套膜、鳃、肝胰腺、闭壳肌、性腺、腹足等组织中hsp90基因的表达水平。同时,利用荧光定量PCR技术检测了芘暴露处理前后马氏珠母贝肝胰腺组织中hsp90基因的表达水平。研究结果表明:马氏珠母贝hsp90基因在不同组织中的表达水平为性腺鳃肝胰腺外套膜腹足闭壳肌,表现出组织差异性。芘胁迫对马氏珠母贝hsp90基因的表达有一定的诱导作用,暴露后第1天和第5天,随染毒浓度的增加,hsp90基因的表达上调,呈现出一定的剂量-效应关系,于染毒后第7天基本恢复。研究结果显示,马氏珠母贝hsp90基因可以作为一种理想的分子生物标记物用于监测海洋环境中芘的污染。     

免耕水稻土固定CO2自养微生物多样性

使用13CO2为标记物,采用稳定性同位素核酸探针(DNA-SIP)技术和微宇宙模拟的方法,对两种南方免耕水稻土中的固定CO2自养微生物群落结构和多样性进行了研究.实验结果表明,经80d的培养后,从13CO2标记处理的土样提取的DNA经氯化铯密度梯度离心后其浮力密度显著区分于12CO2对照组,表明土壤样品中的固定CO2自养微生物对CO2具有同化利用.RT-PCR结果表明两种标记土样DNA密度梯度离心分层的cbbLR基因的拷贝数最高分别为1.36×105拷贝/g干土和2.21×105拷贝/g干土.克隆文库分析和系统发育分析表明两种土壤中的固定CO2自养微生物群落结构具有一定差异.Bradyrhizobium和Rubrivivax是为FG土壤中的主要类群, 占全部克隆数的60.40%和13.86%.而TF土壤的主要类群是Rhodopseudomonas、Rhodospirillum、Methylibium和Variovorax,分别占全部克隆数的20.90%、11.94%、16.42%和10.45%.两种13CO2标记土样的cbbLR基因文库OTU类型、多样性指数均高于12CO2对照文库,其群落结构也有明显的变化.因此,免耕水稻土存在高度多样性的二氧化碳固定自养微生物,在农田土壤碳素循环方面具有重要作用.     

Potential Effects of the United States-Mexico Border Fence on Wildlife

Abstract:  Security infrastructure along international boundaries threatens to degrade connectivity for wildlife. To explore potential effects of a fence under construction along the U.S.–Mexico border on wildlife, we assessed movement behavior of two species with different life histories whose regional persistence may depend on transboundary movements. We used radiotelemetry to assess how vegetation and landscape structure affect flight and natal dispersal behaviors of Ferruginous Pygmy-Owls ( Glaucidium brasilianum ), and satellite telemetry, gene-flow estimates, and least-cost path models to assess movement behavior and interpopulation connectivity of desert bighorn sheep ( Ovis canadensis mexicana ). Flight height of Pygmy-Owls averaged only 1.4 m (SE 0.1) above ground, and only 23% of flights exceeded 4 m. Juvenile Pygmy-Owls dispersed at slower speeds, changed direction more, and had lower colonization success in landscapes with larger vegetation openings or higher levels of disturbance ( p ≤ 0.047), which suggests large vegetation gaps coupled with tall fences may limit transboundary movements. Female bighorn sheep crossed valleys up to 4.9 km wide, and microsatellite analyses indicated relatively high levels of gene flow and migration (95% CI for F_ST= 0.010–0.115, Nm = 1.9–24.8, M = 10.4–15.4) between populations divided by an 11-km valley. Models of gene flow based on regional topography and movement barriers suggested that nine populations of bighorn sheep in northwestern Sonora are linked by dispersal with those in neighboring Arizona. Disruption of transboundary movement corridors by impermeable fencing would isolate some populations on the Arizona side. Connectivity for other species with similar movement abilities and spatial distributions may be affected by border development, yet mitigation strategies could address needs of wildlife and humans.     

玉米内生固氮菌的回接分离及限菌条件下在玉米根内的定殖

对从玉米茎内分离的18株固氮菌进行了回接分离试验,经多碳源无氮培养基、菌落形态、颜色与REP－PCR相结合的方法,筛选、鉴定出了两株具有较高乙炔还原活性和能在玉米体内定殖的菌株R1和R6。把携带gfp标记基因的质粒pKK223-GFP和nifH-gfp的质粒pMGFP2.1分别转化R1和R6,得到携带gfp,且菌落带绿色荧光的转化子R1A和R6A,以及携带nifH-gfp的转化子R1B和R6B。在限菌条件下对R1A和R6A,在玉米根内的定殖以及R1B和R6B中nifH-gfp融合基因的表达进行了研究,结果表明了R1A和R6A主要定殖在根的皮层细胞、胞间隙、中柱细胞和导管内,有时在活的细胞内也可检测到,R1B和R6B中的融合基因因受玉米根内营养以及其它与固氮酶基因表达相关因素的限制,很难在玉米根内表达,只有在添加了1‰蔗糖后,nifH-gfp才能在根内表达。     

生物强化系统微生物分子诊断技术的应用及新发展

现代分子生物技术的飞速发展及其在环境研究领域的应用,为生物强化技术的研究和发展提供了新方法和新思路.本文从生物强化系统特异微生物检测及定量化技术、生物强化系统微生物群落结构组成及动态演替规律研究、生物强化作用机制的分子生物学解析、生物强化菌的基因工程构建、生物强化系统微生物的安全释放及控制技术几方面,对生物强化系统微生物分子诊断技术的应用和发展作了较为全面的综述.     

Estrogenic Compounds Downstream From Three Small Cities in Eastern Nebraska: Occurrence and Biological Effect1

Abstract: Recent studies have detected estrogenic compounds in surface waters in North America and Europe. Furthermore, the presence of estrogenic compounds in surface waters has been attributed, in some cases, to the discharge of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent. The primary objective of the current study was to determine if WWTP effluent contributes estrogens to the surface waters of Nebraska. A second objective of this study was to determine if estrogens were found in concentrations sufficient enough to manifest feminizing effects on fish. These objectives were satisfied by deploying polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) and caged fathead minnows at eight field sites. Deployment sites included: three reference sites (Pawnee Creek, the Little Blue River, and the Middle Loup River), two sites upstream of the WWTPs at Grand Island and Columbus, and three sites downstream of the WWTPs at Grand Island, Columbus, and Hastings. Following the seven day deployments, POCIS extracts were analyzed for estrone, 17β‐estradiol, estriol and 17α‐ethinylestradiol using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). 17β‐estradiol was detected in POCIS from six of the eight field sites with the greatest quantities recovered in POCIS deployed downstream from the Grand Island and Hastings WWTPs. Estrone was detected only in the POCIS deployed downstream from the Grand Island and Hastings WWTPs. Estrogenic effects were detected in caged minnows analyzed for the hepatic mRNA expression of two estrogen‐responsive genes, vitellogenin (vg1) and estrogen receptor α (ERα). Fish deployed at the site where the greatest quantities of estrogens were recovered (Hastings) had significantly higher expression of both vg1 and ERα than fish deployed at any of the other sites. These results confirm that WWTP effluent contributes biologically significant levels of estrogens to Nebraska surface waters.