短程硝化的实现、维持与过程控制的研究现状

短程生物脱氮技术目前倍受人们的关注,国内外学者对短程硝化提出了多种实现及维持的控制途径,但仍存在着一些问题。由于活性污泥法中DO,ORP,pH的变化规律从不同角度不同程度地反映了生物脱氮反应的进程,所以用它们作为控制参数就可以对生物脱氮反应进行过程控制。在分析中,通过对国内外短程硝化控制途径的研究现状与发展趋势的分析和总结,针对目前在实现短程硝化及维持短程硝化各种途径中存在的问题,提出了通过在线检测DO,pH,ORP来实现与维持短程硝化的新思路。     

两级CSTR亚硝化启动及稳定运行试验研究

采用两级CSTR反应器对实际生活污水亚硝化的启动过程及稳定运行主要影响因素进行了研究.通过向生活污水里投加(NH₄)₂SO₄来提高进水氨氮浓度,并逐渐调整两级反应器的曝气强度至DO浓度分别为(1.5±0.12),(0.35±0.1) mg/L,历经45d即实现了亚硝化的启动,亚硝化率保持在90.3%以上,氨氧化率保持在91.2%以上.低氨氮生活污水运行时,通过第一级反应器中三组DO/ALR的效果对比,表明DO/ALR在1.2~2.0 mg O₂/(gN·d)时亚硝化效果最好.降低氨氮浓度以及增大HRT两种情况下导致ALR改变时,维持上述DO/ALR范围依然可以保证亚硝化的稳定.     

Research on polyhydroxyalkanoates and glycogen transformations: Key aspects to biologic nitrogen and phosphorus removal in low dissolved oxygen systems

In this paper, a study was conducted on the effect of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) and glycogen transformations on biologic nitrogen and phosphorus removal in low dissolved oxygen (DO) systems. Two laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactors (SBR1 and SBR2) were operating with anaerobic/aerobic (low DO, 0.15–0.45 mg·L^-1) configurations, which cultured a propionic to acetic acid ratio (molar carbon ratio) of 1.0 and 2.0, respectively. Fewer poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), total PHA, and glycogen transformations were observed with the increase of propionic/acetic acid, along with more poly-3-hydroxyvalerate (PHV) and poly-3-hydroxy-2-methyvalerate (PH2MV) shifts. The total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency was 68% and 82% in SBR1 and SBR2, respectively. In the two SBRs, the soluble ortho-phosphate (SOP) removal efficiency was 94% and 99%, and the average sludge polyphosphate (poly-P) content (g·g-MLVSS^-1) was 8.3% and 10.2%, respectively. Thus, the propionic to acetic acid ratio of the influent greatly influenced the PHA form and quantity, glycogen transformation, and poly-P contained in activated sludge and further determined TN and SOP removal efficiency. Moreover, significant correlations between the SOP removal rate and the (PHV+ PH2MV)/PHA ratio were observed (R²>0.99). Accordingly, PHA and glycogen transformations should be taken into account as key components for optimizing anaerobic/aerobic (low DO) biologic nitrogen and phosphorus removal systems.     

溶解氧对低碳源城市污水处理系统脱氮性能与微生物群落的影响

为了阐明溶解氧对低碳源城市污水处理系统脱氮除磷性能的影响,研究了供氧区溶解氧浓度分别为2~3、1~2和低于1mg·L^-1的运行条件下微生物应对低碳源环境生长与代谢特性的差异.随着供氧区溶解氧浓度的降低利用外碳源和内碳源脱氮量分别升高了20.23%和80.54%,内碳源的除磷利用效率升高了13.89%,进而使低碳源城市污水的脱氮除磷效果得到强化.高通量测序和RDA分析结果表明,降低供氧区溶解氧浓度驱动微生物群落结构的调整,促使脱氮除磷功能微生物（如：Dechloromonas菌属）的丰度显著增加.基于PICRUSt预测分析可知,在低溶解氧浓度的运行环境中微生物与基质利用、能量合成和代谢调控功能相关的基因活性更高,保证了功能微生物在低碳源条件下稳定生长并维持较高的脱氮除磷效率.本研究为提升低碳源城市污水处理系统中脱氮除磷功能微生物的生长提供理论依据.     

连续流湿地中DO、ORP状况及与植物根系分布的关系

构建了水平潜流芦苇人工湿地以处理富营养化河水.在连续运行的近2a时间中,对湿地芦苇根系分布、湿地水体溶解氧(DO)、氧化还原电位(OBP)的时空变化及水力负荷(HLR)对DO、ORP的影响等进行了研究.结果表明,当年生芦苇95%的根系生物量分布在0～20 cm的基质层中,第2个生长年中97%的根系生物量分布在0～35 cm的基质层中,第2年植物根系在深度方向上有了更大的扩展.湿地中上层水体DO和ORP在沿程方向上是逐渐升高的,底层的变化很小,在水深方向上上层大于中底层.受芦苇根系主要分布在基质上层的影响,距地表20 cm的范围内基本属于中等还原环境,中底层水体为强还原环境,水平潜流湿地内部总体上是厌氧状态的.受植物光合作用及大气复氧作用的影响,湿地水体DO在1d之内先升高后降低.水体DO及ORP随着HLR的增大而降低.考察了植物根区ORP状况及根系分布对水体氧化还原状态的影响,结果表明,根系表面的OBP高达(260.6±54.3)mV,远高于水体的ORP(-220.3±21.5)mV.植物根系的释氧作用提高了根区的氧化能力.根区的好氧微环境不足以改变湿地内部的整体厌氧状态;但湿地上层大量根系分布仍然起到了改善湿地上层环境氧化状态的作用.     

Performance of completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite process under different aeration modes and dissolved oxygen

In this study, three sequential batch biofilm reactors (SBBRs) were operated for 155 days to evaluate the performance of completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) process under different aeration modes and dissolved oxygen (DO). Synthetic wastewater with 160-mg NH4 ⁺-N/L was fed into the reactors. In the continuously-aerated reactor, the efficiency of the ammonium nitrogen conversion and total nitrogen (TN) removal reached 80% and 70%, respectively, with DO between 0.8–1.0 mg/L. Whereas in the intermittently-aerated reactor, at the aeration/non-aeration ratio of 1.0, ammonium was always under the detection limit and 86% of TN was removed with DO between 2.0–2.5 mg/L during the aeration time. Results show that CANON could be achieved in both continuous and intermittent aeration pattern. However, to achieve the same nitrogen removal efficiency, the DO needed in the intermittently-aerated sequential batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) during the aeration period was higher than that in the continuously-aerated SBBR. In addition, the DO in the CANON system should be adjusted to the aeration mode, and low DO was not a prerequisite to CANON process.     

Effect of colloid-size copper-based pesticides and wood-preservatives against microbial activities of Gram-positive Bacillus species using five-day biochemical oxygen demand test

Copper-based pesticides and wood preservatives could end up in the environment during production, use, and end-of-life via different pathways that could cause unintended ecological and adverse health effects. This paper provides the effect of colloid-size Cu-based pesticides (CuPRO and Kocide), micronized Cu azole (MCA-1 and MCA-2) and alkaline Cu quaternary (ACQ) treated woods, Cu²⁺, Cu²⁺ spiked untreated wood (UTW), and CuCO₃ solutions against Gram-positive Bacillus species using five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅) standard test. The total Cu leached from MCA-1, MCA-2, and ACQ in Milli-Q water after 5 days were ~0.1, ~0.11, and ~0.64 g/kg of wood, respectively. However, the form of Cu leached from MCA woods was mostly ionic (> 90%). The total organic carbon (TOC) content of any tested wood (UTW/MCA-1/MCA-2/ACQ) was ~99% of its corresponding total carbon (TC) content, whereas the TOC of any tested wood sawdust exceeded that of its corresponding piece/block by > 300%. The dissolved oxygen (DO) consumption value in the presence of Cu²⁺, CuCO₃, CuPRO, and Kocide solutions was significantly influenced by Cu particles/ions. However, the DO consumption value in the presence of UTW/MCA-1/MCA-2/ACQ woods was significantly influenced by organics leached from woods. On the other hand, the DO consumption of MCA sawdust was greater than (300%) that of MCA pieces/block. The findings of this study provide more insight into how organics leached from woods significantly reduce the toxic effects of Cu ions against Gram-positive Bacillus species.     

DO在厌氧序批式生物膜反应器中对厌氧氨氧化反应启动的影响

考察了DO在厌氧序批式生物膜反应器(ASBBR)中对厌氧氨氧化反应启动过程的影响.结果表明,当进水采用高纯氮气进行除DO处理后进入ASBBR时,ASBBR很快以厌氧氨氧化反应为主,运行13 d后,NO-3-N生成量、NO-2-N去除量、NH+4-N去除量比开始围绕0.25∶1.30∶1.00上下小幅波动,运行100 d后的总氮容积去除负荷为1.560 kg/(m3·d);当进水不除DO处理进入ASBBR时,从运行的第57天开始,ASBBR内才表现出明显的厌氧氨氧化反应特性,运行到第73天时,NO-3-N生成量、NO-2-N去除量、NH+4-N去除量比开始围绕0.21∶1.20∶1.00上下小幅波动,运行的93～100 d,总氮容积去除负荷稳定在较高水平,最高可达1.090 kg/(m3·d);进水不除DO处理时,会使厌氧氨氧化反应启动迟缓;无纺布作为生物载体,具有较强的抗水力负荷和基质(NH+4-N、NO-2-N)负荷能力.     

A/O脱氮工艺的控制策略和应用性研究

根据A/O脱氮工艺的运行状况和影响因素 ,提出了应用在线传感器连续测定曝气池中DO浓度、氨氮浓度和硝酸氮浓度 ,并据此调节供氧强度、内循环回流量、有机碳源的投加以及硝化区和反硝化区的大小 ,这是保证A/O脱氮工艺良好处理效果的重要控制策略和思想。同时对近年来国外A/O脱氮工艺自动控制的应用及研究进行了简单的回顾。     

常温条件下CAST工艺亚硝酸型硝化的实现及特性

采用循环式活性污泥法(CAST)处理模拟生活污水,通过控制曝气量,使反应器中DO在0.13～0.74 mg/L之间,在常温下快速实现亚硝酸型硝化,然后增大曝气量使反应器内DO在0.7～3.36 mg/L之间,控制曝气时间1.5 h,考察系统内亚硝酸型硝化的维持情况。结果表明,14℃条件下,通过先控制低溶解氧浓度再控制曝...