四环素抗性基因在人工湿地中的去除及累积

以垂直潜流人工湿地系统为试验装置,考察了猪场养殖废水中四环素类抗生素抗性基因(tetW、tetM和tetO)在人工湿地中的去除及累积情况.结果表明,养猪废水中的3种抗性基因均有检出且含量较高,tetW、tetM和tetO的平均绝对含量分别为1.07×1010、4.03×1010和4.92×1010copies.L-1.通过湿地系统处理后,水体中抗生素抗性基因绝对拷贝数和相对表达量均明显降低,tetW、tetM和tetO的平均去除率分别为95.73%、92.21%和95.05%.在系统运行末期,湿地表层土壤和底层土壤中tetW、tetM和tetO的绝对拷贝数和相对表达量均有明显的升高,并且抗性基因在表层土壤中的累积水平高于底层土壤.因此,人工湿地系统可有效降低养猪废水中抗生素抗性基因的绝对及相对含量水平,系统的运行条件可对抗生素抗性基因在湿地系统中的积累产生影响.     

石化企业玻璃钢设施静电特性及安全使用

通过测试玻璃钢设施的静电参数,研究分析玻璃钢设施的静电特性,表明玻璃钢设施有较大的静电危险性,提出了一般防静电措施,预防玻璃钢设施的燃爆风险。     

树木水分胁迫和抗旱性机理研究进展

本文从植物对干旱胁迫的反应和抗旱指标、光合作用和蒸腾作用和水分利用效率等研究途径,以及人工采取的抗旱措施等方面阐述了森林植物的抗旱性机理研究现状,并提出了今后研究的重点方向。     

重金属抗性解磷细菌的磷溶解特性研究

从湖南省湘西州花垣县的铅锌矿表层土壤中,筛选出两株具有重金属抗性和解磷特性的细菌T PSB1和T PSB2.通过16S rRNA基因序列比对,分别鉴定为嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas maltophilia)和唐菖蒲伯克霍尔德菌(Burkholderia gladioli).T PSB1和T PSB2在含有难溶性无机磷液体培养基中,其上清液的可溶性磷含量最高分别达到了402.9 mg·L-1和589.9 mg·L-1;在难溶性有机磷固体和液体培养基中,固体平板上均出现解磷圈,而液体培养基上清液中,可溶性磷含量也分别达到了2.97 mg·L-1和4.69 mg·L-1.另外,两株细菌对重金属Zn2+的抗性最高,在其浓度为2000 mg·L-1固体和液体培养基条件下均可以生长,磷溶解浓度分别为114.8 mg·L-1和125.1 mg·L-1.而在含铬和铅的浓度为1 000 mg·L-1的液体培养基中,两株细菌同样表现出重金属抗性.在Pb2+浓度为1000 mg·L-1的液体培养基中,磷溶解浓度分别达到了57.9 mg·L-1和71.7 mg·L-1;而在Cr2+浓度为1000 mg·L-1的培养基中磷溶解浓度分别为60.1 mg·L-1和98.4 mg·L-1.     

超声波联合PAM对污泥脱水性能的影响

以污泥脱水性能与沉降性能为指标,研究了超声波调理联合PAM对污泥脱水性能的影响。实验结果表明,单独使用超声波调理的最佳调理时间为20 s,此时污泥比阻为0.68×109s2/g;采用PAM对污泥进行调理时,在浓度为0.1%,投加量为100 mg/L时污泥比阻最小,为0.32×109s2/g;采用超声波与PAM联合调理时,利用正交试验得到最适合的组合条件为:调理时间20s、PAM投加量100 mg/L、浓度0.15%。     

养殖鱼塘底泥微生物抗生素耐药基因分布分析

针对水产养殖中抗生素滥用引起微生物耐药基因污染的现象,本实验以杭州市某水产养殖区底泥样品为研究对象,测定了底泥样品中抗生素含量,并从其中分离出74株可培养细菌.采用PCR方法对分离菌株中磺胺类、四环素类、喹诺酮类、氯霉素类抗性基因(antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs)和整合子基因进行了检测.结果表明,除tet A(四环素类)耐药基因未被检出外,其余3种耐药基因及整合子基因均被检出,其中qnr S(喹诺酮类)耐药基因的检出率最高,为50.00%.另外,利用16S r DNA序列分析技术将分离菌株鉴定为12个属、19个种,包括环境中多种常见土著细菌及部分致病菌,其中气单胞菌(Aeromonas spp.)数量最多(29株),占分离菌株的39.19%.掌握水产养殖区中ARGs的污染现状,对控制其传播、保障食品安全和保护微生态环境具有重要指导意义.     

Humic substances

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Freshwater bodies which chemistry is dominated by dissolved humic substances (HS) seem to be the major type on Earth, due to huge non-calcareous geological formations in the Northern Hemisphere and in the tropics. Based on the paradigm of the inertness of being organic, direct interactions of dissolved HS with freshwater organisms are mostly neglected. However, dissolved organic carbon, the majority of which being HS, are natural environmental chemicals and should therefore directly interact with organisms. Major results that widened our perspective on humic substance ecology come from experiments with the compost nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, which behaved contradictorily to textbook knowledge and provoked an in-depth re-consideration of some paradigms. APPROACH: To overcome old paradigms on HS and their potential interactions with organisms, we reviewed recent international literature, as well as 'grey' literature. We also include results from own ongoing studies. RESULTS: This review focuses on direct interactions of dissolved HS with freshwater organisms and disregards indirect effects, such as under-water light quenching. Instead we show with some macrophyte and algal species that HS adversely interfere with photosynthesis and growth, whereby closely related algal species show different response patterns. In addition to this, HS suppress cyanobacteria more than eukaryotic algae. Quinones in the HS appear to be the effective structure. Furthermore, HS can modulate the offspring numbers in the nematode C. elegans and cause feminization of fish and amphibians--they possess hormone-like properties. The ecological consequences of this potential remain obscure at present. HS also have the potential to act as chemical attractants as shown with C. elegans and exert a mild chemical stress upon aquatic organisms in many ways: induction of molecular chaperons (stress proteins), induction and modulation of biotransformation and anti-oxidant enzymes. Furthermore, they produce an oxidative stress with lipidperoxidation as one clear symptom or even stress defense strategy. Stronger chemical stresses by HS may even lead to teratogenic effects as shown with fish embryos; all physiological responses to HS-mediated stress require energy, which were compensated on the expense of yolk as shown with zebra fish embryos. One Finnish field survey supports the view of a strong chemical stress, as the weight yield in fish species decreases with increasing HS content in the lakes. DISCUSSION: HS exert a variety of stress symptoms in aquatic and compost organisms. According to current paradigms of ecotoxicology, these symptoms have to be considered adverse, because their compensation consumes energy which is deducted from the main metabolism. However, the nematode C. elegans looks actively for such stressful environments, and this behavior is only understandable in the light of new paradigms of aging mechanisms, particularly the Green Theory of Aging. In this respect, we discuss the mild HS-mediated stress to aquatic and compost organisms. New empirical findings with HS themselves and HS building blocks appear to be consistent with this emerging paradigm and show that the individual lifespan may be expanded. At present the ecological consequences of these findings remain obscure. However, a multiple-stress resistance may be acquired which improves the individual fitness in a fluctuating environment. CONCLUSIONS: It appears that dissolved HS have to be considered abiotic ecological driving forces, somewhat less obvious than temperature, nutrients, or light. PERSPECTIVES: The understanding of the ecological control by dissolved humic substances is still fragmentary and needs to be studied in more details.     

受侧向土体位移斜桩的特性

通过三维有限单元法分析了斜桩受侧向土体位移的特性。变动柱和土体参数进行敏感性分析,得出桩的柔度、侧向土体位移的大小、桩顶约束条件、土体位移形状和土体移动层厚度等对斜桩的影响。刚性桩的挠度小于柔性桩,但弯矩和剪力大于柔性桩。斜桩非线性弹簧的土抗力—位移关系(p-y曲线)表现为双曲线特征,可基于直桩的Winkler地基反力法对斜桩进行简化计算分析,但应对直桩的极限土抗力值进行修正,以期更好的反映斜桩的特性。     

利用GFP和抗性双类型标记监测联合固氮菌在玉米根际的定殖

将来自质粒ｐＫＲＰ１０、ｐＫＲＰ１１和ｐＫＲＰ１２的氯霉素、卡那霉素和四环素抗性基因分别插入质粒ＧＦＰｍｕｔ２中ｇｆｐ基因下游的ＰｓｔＩ位点,得到ｇｆｐ和不同抗性基因共存的重组质粒,转化Ｅｎｔｅｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒ ｇｅｒｇｏｖｉａｅ ５７－７野生型菌株和耐铵工程菌Ｅ７后,得到既有抗生素抗性又在蓝光下呈现亮绿荧光的菌株。用它们接种玉米后,利用这两种选择标记双重筛选重新分离到的细菌确定了接种菌在玉米幼苗     

抗灾减灾效益估计方法探讨

从综合角度阐述减灾效益的概念,进而以减灾效益内容为基础,提出了估计减灾效益的方法。