不同基质人工湿地去除电镀重金属(Cr,Zn)的研究

选取沸石、煤渣、沸石+煤渣作为基质,研究3种不同基质人工湿地对电镀重金属(Cr,Zn)污水的净化效果。结果表明,3种基质对于重金属Cr,Zn均有明显的去除效果,去除率都在74%以上;煤渣和沸石发生了协同作用,对重金属Cr的去除效果好于其单独使用;种植植物的煤渣与沸石混合基质人工湿地去除重金属Cr,Zn能力优于种植植物的沸石基质人工湿地。     

人工湿地公园有机污染物迁移转化规律研究

为研究以工业园区污水厂尾水为补给水源的景观水体中有机污染物的迁移转化规律,在2015年植物生长季对天津某工业园区人工湿地公园进行了水质采样分析。检测结果表明:湿地进水中ρ(COD)为44!70 mg/L,ρ(BOD)为2.8!5.6 mg/L;出水中ρ(COD)为43!60 mg/L,ρ(BOD)为3.3!4.8 mg/L。潜流湿地对污水处理厂排水具有较好的处理效果,BOD去除率为90%,COD去除率为10%!30%,出水B/C比值较进水有较大降低;潜流湿地出水进入表流湿地后,COD与BOD有所升高,其升高比例分别为10%、225%,这可能是因为表流湿地有水生植物生长,植物腐叶会导致有机物质释放。在湿地公园总出水前设置深水景观湖,有利于出水COD浓度进一步降低。     

集成仿真在空间望远镜设计和优化中的应用

针对空间望远镜设计过程中涉及学科多、系统复杂、真实环境验证难度大等特点,集成仿真在空间望远镜设计和优化过程中具有巨大应用价值。本文给出了集成仿真在NGST、NEXUS和JWST等空间望远镜设计过程中的应用实例,介绍了集成仿真所包括的扰动源、结构、光学、控制和模型集成等方面的具体内容,并给出了集成仿真在性能分析、灵敏度分析、同效性分析、多目标优化和干扰来源定位与缓解等方面的应用。集成仿真技术及其应用案例,对我国在研大型空间望远镜的设计有指导和借鉴意义。     

Improving the dynamic response of frequency and power in a wind integrated power system by optimal design of compensated superconducting magnetic energy storage

The frequency deviation and power fluctuation need to be controlled in a wind-integrated power system (WIPS) for keeping the balance between system power generation and demand, which support the quality and stability of overall power system. The present paper addresses this problem while concerning the integration of intermittent wind power and load disturbance into the WIPS. With this intent, it proposes the compensated superconducting magnetic energy storage (CSMES) system with proportional integral derivative (PID) controller for improving the frequency and power deviation profile. A novel swarm intelligence-based artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm is used for optimal design of PID-CSMES system. Robustness of the proposed ABC-based PID-CSMES control strategy is tested in WIPS under various disturbance patterns of load and wind power. To demonstrate the improved dynamic response, their simulation results are compared with particle swarm optimization-based PID-CSMES, PID with SMES, and only PID controller technique. The performance indices and transient response characteristics of frequency and power deviation are used to evaluate and compare the accuracy and efficiency of each controller. Stability of various system configurations is analyzed using eigenvalue location. Comparing the results of different controller in WIPS indicates a substantial improvement in the dynamic response of system frequency and power deviations by utilizing the proposed control strategy.     

Connectivity of Streams and Wetlands to Downstream Waters: An Integrated Systems Framework

Interest in connectivity has increased in the aquatic sciences, partly because of its relevance to the Clean Water Act. This paper has two objectives: (1) provide a framework to understand hydrological, chemical, and biological connectivity, focusing on how headwater streams and wetlands connect to and contribute to rivers; and (2) briefly review methods to quantify hydrological and chemical connectivity. Streams and wetlands affect river structure and function by altering material and biological fluxes to the river; this depends on two factors: (1) functions within streams and wetlands that affect material fluxes; and (2) connectivity (or isolation) from streams and wetlands to rivers that allows (or prevents) material transport between systems. Connectivity can be described in terms of frequency, magnitude, duration, timing, and rate of change. It results from physical characteristics of a system, e.g., climate, soils, geology, topography, and the spatial distribution of aquatic components. Biological connectivity is also affected by traits and behavior of the biota. Connectivity can be altered by human impacts, often in complex ways. Because of variability in these factors, connectivity is not constant but varies over time and space. Connectivity can be quantified with field‐based methods, modeling, and remote sensing. Further studies using these methods are needed to classify and quantify connectivity of aquatic ecosystems and to understand how impacts affect connectivity.     

Reframing the concept of alternative livelihoods

Alternative livelihood project (ALP) is a widely used term for interventions that aim to reduce the prevalence of activities deemed to be environmentally damaging by substituting them with lower impact livelihood activities that provide at least equivalent benefits. ALPs are widely implemented in conservation, but in 2012, an International Union for Conservation of Nature resolution called for a critical review of such projects based on concern that their effectiveness was unproven. We focused on the conceptual design of ALPs by considering their underlying assumptions. We placed ALPs within a broad category of livelihood‐focused interventions to better understand their role in conservation and their intended impacts. We dissected 3 flawed assumptions about ALPs based on the notions of substitution, the homogenous community, and impact scalability. Interventions based on flawed assumptions about people's needs, aspirations, and the factors that influence livelihood choice are unlikely to achieve conservation objectives. We therefore recommend use of a sustainable livelihoods approach to understand the role and function of environmentally damaging behaviors within livelihood strategies; differentiate between households in a community that have the greatest environmental impact and those most vulnerable to resource access restrictions to improve intervention targeting; and learn more about the social–ecological system within which household livelihood strategies are embedded. Rather than using livelihood‐focused interventions as a direct behavior‐change tool, it may be more appropriate to focus on either enhancing the existing livelihood strategies of those most vulnerable to conservation‐imposed resource access restrictions or on use of livelihood‐focused interventions that establish a clear link to conservation as a means of building good community relations. However, we recommend that the term ALP be replaced by the broader term livelihood‐focused intervention. This avoids the implicit assumption that alternatives can fully substitute for natural resource‐based livelihood activities.     

Optimal Management of a Multispecies Shorebird Flyway under Sea‐Level Rise

Every year, millions of migratory shorebirds fly through the East Asian–Australasian Flyway between their arctic breeding grounds and Australasia. This flyway includes numerous coastal wetlands in Asia and the Pacific that are used as stopover sites where birds rest and feed. Loss of a few important stopover sites through sea‐level rise (SLR) could cause sudden population declines. We formulated and solved mathematically the problem of how to identify the most important stopover sites to minimize losses of bird populations across flyways by conserving land that facilitates upshore shifts of tidal flats in response to SLR. To guide conservation investment that minimizes losses of migratory bird populations during migration, we developed a spatially explicit flyway model coupled with a maximum flow algorithm. Migratory routes of 10 shorebird taxa were modeled in a graph theoretic framework by representing clusters of important wetlands as nodes and the number of birds flying between 2 nodes as edges. We also evaluated several resource allocation algorithms that required only partial information on flyway connectivity (node strategy, based on the impacts of SLR at nodes; habitat strategy, based on habitat change at sites; population strategy, based on population change at sites; and random investment). The resource allocation algorithms based on flyway information performed on average 15% better than simpler allocations based on patterns of habitat loss or local bird counts. The Yellow Sea region stood out as the most important priority for effective conservation of migratory shorebirds, but investment in this area alone will not ensure the persistence of species across the flyway. The spatial distribution of conservation investments differed enormously according to the severity of SLR and whether information about flyway connectivity was used to guide the prioritizations. With the rapid ongoing loss of coastal wetlands globally, our method provides insight into efficient conservation planning for migratory species. Gestión Óptima de una Ruta Migratoria de Múltiples Especies de Aves Costeras Sometida a Incremento del Nivel del Mar     

预处理/组合式人工湿地系统在净化支流河水体中的应用

针对浑河城市段支流污染严重的问题,采用预处理与组合式人工湿地工艺系统对支流河水体进行水质净化,并建设示范工程,工程运行期间水质净化效果稳定,而且具有良好的生态效益。     

边坡工程集成式智能辅助决策系统研究

以智能决策支持系统（ＩＳＳ）的理论与方法为基础，以事务处理专家系统系统开发具ＧＵＲＵ为开发环境，将多种评价与决策模型和方法相结合，形成了一个应用于边坡工程的集成式智能辅助决策系统（ＩＩＡＤＳＳＥ），本文讨论了ＩＩＡＤＳＳＥ的设计思想，介绍了ＩＩＡＤＳＳＥ的基本结构模式，各部分的功能及其实现方法，ＩＩＡＤＳＳＥ具有定性与定量分析相结合的特征，可较好地处理边坡工程稳定性评价与加固方案决策分析问题。     

Field Application of a Renewable Constructed Wetland Substrate for Phosphorus Removal1

Rosenquist, Shawn E., W. Cully Hession, Matthew J. Eick, and David H. Vaughan, 2011. Field Application of a Renewable Constructed Wetland Substrate for Phosphorus Removal. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(4):800‐812. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00557.x Abstract: Phosphorus (P) is typically the best target to prevent eutrophication in freshwater, a biological process associated with water quality degradation. Constructed wetlands (CW) and other practices that include P removal by sorption processes in substrates can provide economical treatment of stormwater, but have limitations (e.g., large land requirements, loss of removal over time, lack of P recovery). Over the last three years, a multi‐study research program addressed these limitations with a new P management concept. This concept minimizes CW size with a rejuvenation cycle (or rejuvenation) that renews P‐sorption capacity in the CW substrates and enables P recovery for productive use. This study, conducted in Blacksburg, Virginia (July‐September 2009), tested the efficacy of rejuvenation in the field. Methods included replicate cells of two sand substrates monitored for P removal during prerejuvenation and postrejuvenation filtration runs. One substrate contained cast iron filings as a repository for sorption capacity. Results support the following conclusions: (1) P removal is likely dependent on multiple factors including influent P concentration, previous substrate/solution equilibrium, pH, and time; (2) rejuvenation is capable of releasing P adsorbed during stormwater filtration; (3) inclusion of cast iron in substrate promotes additional P removal and enables further removal after rejuvenation; but (4) inclusion of cast iron may limit release of P during rejuvenation.