环境监测站如何切实开展仪器设备的期间核查

为保持检测设备使用过程中校准状态的可信度,设备在二次检定之间需进行期间核查。本文从环境监测站的实际工作出发,论述了实验室开展仪器设备期间核查的方法。     

自然环境条件下精密器材的失效机理及其对策研究

研究了精密器材在各种自然环境条件下的失效机理,改善其“内包装”微环境条件,避免精密器材由于受到各种自然环境因素的影响而造成损坏或失效,确保精密器材的性能和各项技术指标始终处于完好状态,对于提高精密器材储存的经济效益和军事效益,具有十分重要的意义。     

小型高精度恒温箱设计与应用

介绍了一种用于给倾角传感器提供恒温环境的小型高精度恒温箱的设计与实现。此恒温箱要求体积小、温度控制精度在±0．05℃以内。文中介绍了恒温箱的结构设计和温控算法并给出了详细的实验结构,证明了研制的这种高精度恒温箱不仅其控温精度高,且与同类产品比其体积小,安装调试方便。     

Deposition in boreal forests in relation to type, size, number and placement of collectors

Open precipitation and throughfall was collected at a Norway spruce stand in Finland using funnel-type collectors and at a black spruce stand in Canada using trough-type collectors. The presence or absence of a rim on the funnel, funnel diameter (9, 14 and 20 cm) and length of sampling period (1, 2 and 4 weeks) on monthly values were evaluated at the Norway spruce stand, and the number of collectors required for defined levels of accuracy and precision of throughfall loads to be reached and the influence of the spatial arrangement of collectors on solute concentrations was studied at both stands. The presence of a rim had no significant effect on open precipitation and throughfall amounts, but did on throughfall DOC, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, Na⁺ and Cl⁻ ion loads. Deposition loads increased with decreasing funnel diameter; for open precipitation, this was due to increased catch efficiency while for throughfall the increase was attributed to canopy interaction and leaching of litter trapped in the collectors. Calculated monthly H⁺ loads decreased and those for all other constituents increased with collection period length. Using 15 collectors at the Norway spruce stand would allow throughfall loads to be determined to within 20% of the true mean weekly value with a confidence level of 95% for most solute, but not for NH₄ ⁺–N, NO₃ ⁻–N, Mg²⁺ and SO₄ ²⁻-S. Using 15 trough collectors, the same confidence level at the more heterogeneous black spruce stand would only be achieved for H⁺, Cl⁻, DOC and SO₄ ²⁻-S loads. In both stands, using either random or systematic placements of throughfall collectors gave similar results.     

Application of multiwalled carbon nanotubes treated by potassium permanganate for determination of trace cadmium prior to flame atomic absorption spectrometry

In this study we investigated the enrichment ability of oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and established a new method for the determination of trace cadmium in environment with flame atomic absorption spectrometry.The MWCNTs were oxidized by potassium permanganate under appropriate conditions before use as preconcentration packing.Parameters influencing the recoveries of target analytes were optimized.Under optimal conditions,the target analyte exhibited a good linearity (R~2=0.9992) over the concentration range 0.5-50 ng/ml.The detection limit and precision of the proposed method were 0.15 ng/ml and 2.06%, respectively.The proposed method was applied to the determination of cadmium in real-world environmental samples and the recoveries were in the range of 91.3%-108.0%.All these experimental results indicated that this new procedure could be applied to the determination of trace cadmium in environmental waters.     

Degradation mechanism of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in supercritical water oxidation

The 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene(TNT)is a potential carcinogens and TNT contaminated wastewater,which could not be effectively disposed with conventional treatments.The supercritical water oxidation(SCWO)to treat TNT contaminated wastewater was studied in this article.The TNT concentration in wastewater was measured by high-performance liquid chromatograph(HPLC)and the degraded intermediates were analyzed using GC-MS.The results showed that SCWO could degrade TNT efficiently in the presence of oxygen.The reaction temperature,pressure,residence time and oxygen excess were the main contributing factors in the process.The decomposition of TNT was accelerated as the temperature or residence time increased.At 550℃,24 MPa,120 s and oxygen excess 300%,TNT removal rate could exceed 99.9%.Partial oxidation occured in SCWO without oxygen.It was concluded that supercritical water was a good solvent and had excellent oxidation capability in the existence of oxygen.The main intermediates of TNT during SCWO included toluene,1,3,5-trinitrobenzene,nitrophenol,naphthalene,fluorenone,dibutyl phthalate,alkanes and several dimers based on the intermediate analysis.Some side reactions,such as coupled reaction,hydrolysis reaction and isomerization reaction may take place simultaneously when TNT was oxidized by SCWO.     

水污染预警溯源技术应用案例研究

以南方某工业园区为例,研究了水污染预警溯源技术在园区企业污水排放精准监管中的应用。该技术提出污染源“水质指纹”概念,即每种污染源都有其唯一对应的水质指纹,以此进行污染排放源的识别。利用该技术监管企业排污,能准确监测到水质异常并发出预警,快速定位到嫌疑排污企业,从而可从源头解决污染问题,有效提升水环境监管工作效率。利用水质指纹识别技术,不仅可以识别企业超标排放和暗管偷排,而且可以进行污染路径溯源。案例研究表明,这项技术在水污染监管中发挥了重要作用。     

长江三角洲2017年机动车IVOCs排放清单构建及其对SOA的生成影响

中等挥发性有机物（IVOCs）对大气中二次有机气溶胶（SOA）的生成有重要贡献,但尚未包括在目前的排放清单中.本研究以长三角地区为研究对象,分别基于排放因子法和IVOCs/POA比例系数法对长三角地区2017年机动车IVOCs的排放量进行估算,构建长三角地区2017年机动车IVOC排放清单,分析其不确定性并估算其对SOA生成潜势的影响.基于排放因子法的结果表明,2017年长三角地区机动车IVOCs排放总量为3.58万t,SOA的生成潜势为695 t,其中载货汽车的IVOCs排放量在长三角大部分城市的占比均超过70%;从燃料类型来看,柴油车的IVOCs排放量远高于汽油车.基于IVOCs/POA比例系数法的结果表明,由不同的IVOCs/POA比例以及不同的POA/PM_2.5占比得到的排放清单结果差别巨大,最大值可达64.2万t,最小仅为5.2万t,造成的SOA生成潜势分别为1.55万t和1032 t.本研究表明基于不同的估算方法构建的IVOCs排放清单结果差别巨大,具有很大的不确定性,将直接影响后续空气质量模型对SOA的模拟结果.因此,需进一步将不同清单结果用于空气质量模型中对SOA进行模拟,通过与观测值的比较,从而获得较为准确的长三角地区机动车IVOCs排放清单.     

民航事故征候的关联度分析和灰色模型预测

民航事故征候的分析和预测是民航安全研究的重要内容,其目的是掌握民航事故征候影响因素的影响程度和未来发展状况,以此提出相应的安全措施,减少民航事故.通过对民航事故征候及其影响因子作灰色关联度分析,发现机组失误是关键因子,其后依次为总飞行时间、机械原因和天气原因;运用灰色模型对现有2001-2004年机组失误导致的事故征候的实测统计数据进行分析,预测出2005-2009年机组失误导致的事故征候次数分别为37、44、52、61和73;经过残差、后验差等检验分析,发现该模型精度较高,效果较理想.预测的趋势指示出机组失误导致的事故征候随时间的推移在增加.所以,在以后的航空安全管理工作中要着重加强机组管理,有效的预防和矫正机组行为失误,从而达到减少事故征候的目的.     

传热子模型对火灾网络模型的求解精度与速度的影响研究

分析半无限大物体的传热过程,提出线性化的传热计算方法并编制了计算子程序,将子程序嵌入传热子模型为有限厚墙体的《高层建筑火灾烟流运动特性预测软件》,利用实例分析比较了两种传热计算方法对火灾网络模型求解精度和求解速度的影响。计算结果表明对3个节点的简单建筑,半无限大传热子模型与有限厚模型的室温计算最大偏差不超过5%,而计算机耗时约减少了1/3。该研究的结论对《高层建筑火灾烟流运动特性预测软件》的进一步完善和成熟及其市场化具有重要的推动作用。