包头南海湖浮游植物优势种生态位及种间联结性季节分析

为了解寒旱区浮游植物群落年内结构变化和演替规律及其优势种的联结性,于2017年12月~2018年11月对包头市南海湖的浮游植物群落进行了调查分析.共鉴定出浮游植物7门66属151种,其中浮游植物优势种有4门15属15种,其种类和丰度随季节而变化.运用改进的Levins公式和Petraitis指数测定浮游植物优势种的生态位量度,发现不同季节各优势种的生态位宽度和生态位重叠不尽相同,各优势种对环境因子的适应能力也存在较大差异,在年内各种生境条件下,微小平裂藻生态位变化幅度最显著,依此认为微小平裂藻可作为南海湖水体污染状态指示种,且有可靠的生态学依据.生态位重叠值中ΔSO_ij值表示物种发展趋势,可第一时间反映南海湖水质是否受到外来因素干扰.群落物种相关性、种间联结性检验结果显示,南海湖浮游植物种间联结性总体上呈正关联关系,128对优势种对中仅有10对显现显著联结性,可见南海湖群落种间联结不紧密,群落结构不稳定,处于演替的初、中期阶段.     

乡镇尺度大娄山区生态系统服务价值时空变化研究

乡镇尺度生态系统服务价值(Ecosystem Service Value,ESV)核算对于制定乡镇差异化发展调控政策具有重要参考价值.以大娄山区水源涵养与生物多样性保护功能区(简称“大娄山区”)为研究对象,基于2000年和2018年2期土地利用数据,通过单位面积价值当量核算、地貌、地表粗糙度、空间统计等方法,研究了乡镇域ESV,并分析其地形效应和空间关联特征.结果表明:①2000—2018年大娄山区ESV整体呈稳定且微弱增长趋势,由1 891.44×108元增至1 895.73×108元;有28个乡镇ESV呈下降趋势,其中22个分布在贵州省.②在大娄山区4种地貌类型中,以缓坡区域的ESV最高(2018年),为811.69×108元;而区域单位面积ESV由高到低依次为峡谷底(0.21×108元/km2) >山脊(0.07×108元/km2) >缓坡(0.06×108元/km2) >陡坡(0.01×108元/km2).③2000年和2018年大娄山区ESV全局Moran's I值分别为0.111和0.109,且P值均小于0.05,表明研究区有显著的空间自相关性和空间聚集效应.2000—2018年,乡镇尺度ESV变化主要有5个空间热点聚集区和2个冷点聚集区.研究显示,建议对大娄山区28个ESV下降的乡镇、ESV冷点聚集区所涉及的乡镇、Ⅲ级地表粗糙度和缓坡重叠区域应优先开展“三生”空间优化.      

荧光猝灭法研究洛克沙胂与腐殖酸的相互作用

运用荧光光谱和荧光猝灭滴定方法,研究腐殖酸(HA)与洛克沙胂(ROX)之间的相互作用,考察了HA浓度、pH和温度对ROX与HA之间相互作用强度的影响.结果表明,HA中的4个峰(Ex/Em=300 nm/480 nm、370 nm/480 nm、420 nm/500nm、460 nm/520 nm,分别标记为A、B、C、D)与ROX发生了不同程度的猝灭作用,猝灭程度依次为C>B>A>D.随着HA浓度增加,ROX与峰A所代表官能团结合常数的常用对数值lg K有略微上升,且远大于O2双分子动态猝灭常数的lg K值,表明ROX能与HA中羧基和羰基等官能团发生静态猝灭作用;在pH值5.00~9.00范围内,ROX-HA体系中峰A的lg K在3.55~3.98 L·mol-1之间波动,且在pH=6.00时达到最大值,这可能是由于pH改变了ROX形态以及HA分子中酚羟基和羧基的构象所致;在25.0~55.0℃范围内,随着温度上升,lg K值降低,lg K值介于2.65~3.89 L·mol-1之间,这进一步表明ROX与HA中的类FA荧光峰所代表的官能团发生静态猝灭.瞬态荧光光谱和线性模型拟合分析表明:ROX与HA中峰A、峰B、峰D所代表的官能团均发生单一静态猝灭作用,而与峰C所代表的官能团同时发生静态猝灭和碰撞猝灭作用.     

基于频繁模式树的一种关联规则挖掘算法及其在铁路隧道安全管理中的应用

关联规则的FP-growth算法是数据挖掘中性能较好的一种算法,笔者在分析该算法的基础上进行改造探讨,并提出了一种基于FP-tree的高性能关联规则挖掘算法FP-growthN,该新算法特别适合对那些数据量很大但数据项很稀疏的数据进行挖掘。将新算法用于挖掘铁路隧道各病害的关联中,通过对成都铁路局管辖的2005年的2787条隧道病害数据的343条重点隧道有效病害数据的关联分析,得出了各隧道病害之间隐藏着的关系。新法的提出及其应用结果对铁路部门制定检测标准和防治隧道病害有一定的指导作用。     

针铁矿-高岭石复合体的表面性质和吸附氟的特性

采用X-射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、红外(FT-IR)光谱、质子电位滴定、比表面及微孔分析等方法对针铁矿、高岭石及其复合体的基本性质进行了表征;研究了供试样品对氟的吸附容量及吸附模型.结果表明,在悬浮液体系中,针铁矿可包被在高岭石表面形成二元复合体.复合体的孔径主要分布在0.42 nm和0.61 nm左右,BET表面积为34.08 m2/g,表面分形度D=2.726,质子电荷零点(pHPZNPC)位于5.50～6.50间.初始pH=6.00时,针铁矿对氟的吸附容量(qmax)为4.506 mg/g,高岭石的吸附容量为0.608 mg/g,复合体的吸附容量为3.520 mg/g.用Langmuir和Freundlich方程拟合了针铁矿、高岭石及复合体对氟的等温吸附数据,其中Langmuir方程拟合的相关系数(R2)分别为0.964、0.991和0.799,Freundlich方程拟合的相关系数分别为0.925、0.886和0.995.3种矿物吸附氟的主要机制有阴离子配体交换、表面配位和静电作用;此外,"F-键桥"对复合体吸附氟也有重要贡献.与2种单体的平均值比较,针铁矿-高岭石复合体的孔体积和孔径分布无明显变化,比表面积和表面分形度增加,表面羟基含量和质子电荷量减少,吸附氟的能力增强.针铁矿和高岭石单体对氟的吸附属于单层吸附模式,适合用Langmuir方程拟合;多层吸附模型Freundlich方程可很好地描述复合体对氟的吸附.     

基于相空间重构理论的天津市近海水质混沌特性研究

针对我国近海水质污染呈现的复杂非线性特征,通过对混沌理论中的相空间重构方法进行研究,提出了一种新的完全基于环境监测数据的近海水质分析方法。以天津市近岸海域为例,首先,根据相空间重构理论,对近海各监测点的1维COD时间序列进行多维相空间重构,求得最佳嵌入维数mmin和吸引子关联维数D;然后,采用Wolf方法计算最佳嵌入维数mmin下重构相空间的最大Lyapunov指数λ1。计算结果显示各个监测点的关联维数D均在3.3左右,最大Lyapunov指数λ1均大于0,表明近海水质COD时间序列具有明显的混沌特征,近海水质系统是一个多维系统,貌似随机无规律的近海水质系统具有内在的、固有的规律。应用表明,该方法实用性强,为进一步采用混沌理论对近海水质进行预测提供了理论依据,非常有利于近海水环境的管理。     

First-trimester sonographic diagnosis of distal urethral atresia with megalourethra in VACTERL association

Congenital megalourethra is a rare disorder. We present an early case diagnosed in the first trimester. Prenatal ultrasound showed a megalourethra with a normal fetal bladder, hyperechogenic cystic right kidney and single umbilical artery. After termination of pregnancy, necropsy confirmed all sonographic findings and revealed other malformations (spina bifida occulta, anal atresia, tracheo-oesophageal fistula, brachydactylia) resulting in the diagnosis of VACTERL association. The prenatal diagnostician should seek histological examination firstly to confirm his findings and secondly to avoid missing associations and inherited malformations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Currarino triad: concurrent US and MRI diagnosis in the fetus and the mother

We report an unusual case of the complete Currarino triad diagnosed in a fetus at 21 weeks' gestation by means of prenatal ultrasonography (US). The highly suspicious findings in the fetus were accompanied by analogous US findings in the mother who suffered from mild symptoms of up to that time unrecognized Currarino triad. Consecutively, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirmed the findings simultaneously in the fetus and in her mother. This is the first report describing the prenatal diagnosis of Currarino triad without the background of positive family history. To our knowledge, the prenatal MRI findings of Currarino triad have not yet been published. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Efficacy of seat-mounted thoracic side airbags in the German vehicle fleet

Objective: Thoracic side airbags (tSABs) deploy within close proximity to the occupant. Their primary purpose is to provide a protective cushion between the occupant and the intruding door. To date, various field studies investigating their injury mitigation has been limited and contradicting. The research develops efficacy estimations associated for seat-mounted tSABs in their ability to mitigate injury risk from the German collision environment.

Methods: A matched cohort study using German In-Depth Accident Study (GIDAS) data was implemented and aims to investigate the efficacy of seat-mounted tSAB units in preventing thoracic injury. Inclusion in the study required a nearside occupant involved in a lateral collision where the target vehicle exhibited a design year succeeding 1990. Collisions whereby a tSAB deployed were matched on a 1:n basis to collisions of similar severity where no airbag was available in the target vehicle. The outcome of interest was an incurred bodily or thoracic regional injury. Through conditional logistic regression, an estimated efficacy value for the deployed tSAB was determined.

Results: A total of 255 collisions with the deployed tSAB matched with 414 collisions where no tSAB was present. For the given sample, results indicated that the deployed tSAB was not able to provide an unequivocal benefit to the occupant thoracic region, because individuals exposed to the deployed tSAB were at equal risk of injury (Thorax Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale (Tho.MAIS)2+ odds ratio [OR] = 1.04, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.41–2.62; Tho.MAIS3+ OR = 1.15, 95% CI, 0.41–3.18). When attempting to isolate an effect for skeletal injuries, a similar result was obtained. Yet, when the tSAB was coupled with a head curtain airbag, a protective effect became apparent, most noticeable for head/face/neck (HFN) injuries (OR = 0.59, 95% CI, 0.21–1.65).

Conclusion: The reduction in occupant HFN injury risk associated with the coupled tSAB and curtain airbag may be attributable to its ability to provide coverage over previous mechanisms of injury. Yet, the sole presence of the tSAB showed no ability to provide additional benefit for the occupant's thoracic region. Future work should identify mechanisms of injury in tSAB cases and attempt to quantify improvements in the vehicle's ability to resist intrusion.     

苏北闵桥含油玄武岩中粘土矿物的组合特征及其应用

苏北闵桥地区含油玄武岩的主要次生蚀变粘土矿物为：皂石，绿泥石，蒙脱石，伊利石，伊利石／蒙脱石混层，高岭石，方沸石等，不同类型的玄武岩中粘土矿物组合不同，最具特征的组合为：致密玄武岩－皂石（为主）＋其它矿物；淬碎玄武岩－蒙脱石（为主）＋伊利石＋伊利石／蒙脱石混层＋高岭石，碎裂玄武岩－皂石（为主）＋绿泥石＋方沸石，蚀变玄武岩中，随着蚀变作用由弱到强，这些粘土矿物可以分成四个带，皂石带－绿泥石带－蒙脱石带－高岭石带，这种分带性与夏威夷玄武岩中热液成因的粘土矿物的分布性具有可比性，在一个玄武岩岩流单元不同部位，特征粘土矿物为：底部－蒙脱石；中倍位－皂石，顶部位－伊利石＋伊利石／蒙脱石混层，风化带特征粘土矿物为蒙脱石，少量高岭石，本文还对利用粘土矿物组合特征在玄武岩含油性，古地理及古环境等方面的应用进行了探讨。