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71.
崇西湿地冬季潮滩鱼类种类组成及多样性分析   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
根据2006年冬季在崇西湿地进行的光滩和草滩插网渔获调查,首次对冬季长江口潮滩鱼类种类组成、多样性及相关环境因子作了分析。结果表明:冬季崇西湿地潮滩鱼类主要由淡水小型鱼类组成,共23种,隶属7科,20属。光滩和草滩插网的最大优势种皆为油,两种网具的渔获种类组成具一定的相似性。在一个潮周期内,3种多样性指数D、H′ 和J值波动范围较大,小汛潮时多样性指数比其它潮汛低。白天和晚上潮水的鱼类种类数无显著变化(P>0.5),但在个体数和生物量上白天较晚上潮水高(P<0.5)。水温、潮汐大小对潮滩鱼类丰度影响较大,而与盐度相关较小。此外,天气状况也是影响潮滩鱼类的一个重要因子。总之,潮滩鱼类的种类组成和多样性受到各种环境因子的综合影响。  相似文献   
72.
三峡库区消落带土壤汞形态分布与风险评价   总被引:18,自引:13,他引:5  
张成  陈宏  王定勇  孙荣国  张金洋 《环境科学》2014,35(3):1060-1067
为了解三峡库区消落带土壤中汞污染现状和环境风险,选择重庆14个区县的消落带,采集了192个土壤样品,分析其土壤总汞和汞形态分布,探讨其生物可利用性,对比研究和评估土壤总汞与汞赋存形态的污染水平和生态风险.结果表明,三峡库区消落带土壤中汞含量差异较大,土壤汞含量为22.4~393.5μg·kg-1,平均值为(84.2±54.3)μg·kg-1,76.6%的采样点土壤汞含量超过了三峡库区土壤汞背景值.土壤中的汞以残留态为主,不同汞形态所占比例为:水溶态汞4.1%、酸溶态15.5%、碱溶态汞18.3%、过氧化氢溶态汞10.9%、残留态汞51.3%.各区县土壤中生物可利用性汞(水溶态汞、酸溶态汞与碱溶态汞之和)平均含量为19.7~36.6μg·kg-1,生物可利用态汞占总汞的比例达到22.1%~51.6%.地累积指数和潜在生态危害指数评价结果均表明,三峡库区消落带土壤中汞赋存形态的污染水平和生态风险都较低,由生物可利用态汞带来的生态风险也很小;而对土壤总汞含量评价的结果明显偏大.因此,采用汞赋存形态进行污染现状和生态危害评价更能反映消落带土壤汞的环境风险.  相似文献   
73.
胞外聚合物磷酸盐形态对生物除磷过程的影响研究   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2  
以不同DO条件下污泥龄(SRT)分别为10 d和30 d的两组实验室A/O-SBR反应器活性污泥为研究对象,探讨了胞外聚合物(EPS)磷酸盐形态对生物除磷过程的影响.结果表明,污泥絮体中的磷主要分布于EPS中,PO3-4-P和聚磷酸盐(Poly-P,包括低分子量聚磷酸盐LMW PolyP和高分子量聚磷酸盐HMW Poly-P)是EPS磷的主要形态;EPS对生物除磷的影响明显大于细菌细胞,EPS磷的厌氧降低量和好氧升高量为胞内磷变化量的2.8~6.4倍.EPS中的LMW Poly-P和HMW Poly-P含量均表现厌氧降低和好氧升高的变化规律;对于相同SRT的污泥,中DO(2.5~3.5 mg·L-1)条件较低DO(0.7~1.0 mg·L-1)条件下EPS的LMW Poly-P和HMW Poly-P有更大的厌氧降低量和好氧升高量,对应着更明显的生物除磷过程,说明EPS不仅是生物除磷过程的中转站,而且参与了生物聚磷过程.  相似文献   
74.
污染土壤中重金属的超声波强化EDTA洗脱及形态变化   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
以EDTA为洗脱剂,对重金属污染土壤进行超声波强化洗脱正交实验,并用Tessier连续提取法研究了洗脱前后Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn的形态变化.结果表明,在EDTA浓度20 mmol·L-1、固液比1∶20、超声波作用时间16 min、超声波功率54%、洗脱次数4次的条件下,对4种重金属洗脱率最大,分别为:Cd 83.6%、Cu 58.8%、Pb 98.0%、Zn 43.0%.在实验所设浓度范围内,随着EDTA浓度的升高,重金属洗脱率均有降低.形态分析结果显示,超声波强化EDTA洗脱能显著降低土壤重金属的残渣态含量.除土壤中Zn残渣态去除率只有5.7%以外,超声波强化EDTA洗脱对土壤中Cd、Cu、Pb的残渣态去除率都很高,分别为81.6%、62.3%、93.8%.  相似文献   
75.
研究陈家大院泡湖泊湿地植物多样性规律对于改善大庆市萨尔图区的生态环境,了解物种群落丰富度具有重要意义.通过野外样地调查,分析了陈家大院泡湖泊湿地植物群落组成,并计算了植物群落多样性特征指数,包括Margalef指数,Simpson指数,Shannon-wiener指数和Pielou均匀度指数,结果表明,研究区湖泊湿地共有38种植物,分别隶属于18科34属,除榆树为木本植物外,有36种草本植物以及1种藓类植物.经数据处理后得出,每个样方平均含有3个物种,植株个体数目平均为115,Margalef指数平均值为0.567,Simpson指数平均值为0.814,Shannon-wiener指数平均值为0.313,Pielou均匀度指数平均值为0.267.由此看出,陈家大院泡湖泊湿地植物多样性水平较低,植物群落组成较为单一,生态环境脆弱.  相似文献   
76.
徐丹  张丽丽  柳丽芬 《环境科学》2017,38(3):1054-1060
为解决传统铁基芬顿催化剂在水体通常酸碱(pH6)条件下活性低的问题,采用简单共沉淀法制备了Cu掺杂的Al_2O_3类芬顿催化剂.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和紫外可见(UV-vis)吸收光谱分析表明,Cu-Al_2O_3中铜掺杂的质量分数低于4.77%时,催化剂中铜主要以Cu~(2+)和Cu~+的形式共存于Al_2O_3的骨架结构中,形成Al—O—Cu键;过量的铜掺杂会导致外骨架铜物种如铜氧化物团簇的存在.以难降解有机污染物2-氯苯酚(2-chlorophenol,2-CP)和染料罗丹明B(Rhodamine B,Rh B)为目标污染物,对Cu-Al_2O_3的类芬顿催化性能进行了详细地研究.结果表明,骨架铜物种在中性温和条件下对2-CP和Rh B显示出很高的催化去除效率和稳定性,反应2 h,Cu-Al_2O_3(Cu质量分数4.77%)对2-CP的去除率达到54%,相应的TOC去除率达到49%,而铜离子溶出浓度仅为0.025 5 mg·L-1,而Cu-Al_2O_3(Cu质量分数7.58%)由于外骨架铜的存在导致催化活性增加缓慢和稳定性下降.ESR测试结果表明,·OH和HO_2~-/O_2~-·是反应中主要的活性物种.  相似文献   
77.
Empirical critical loads (CL) for N deposition were determined from changes in epiphytic lichen communities, elevated NO(3)(-) leaching in streamwater, and reduced fine root biomass in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) at sites with varying N deposition. The CL for lichen community impacts of 3.1kg ha(-1) year(-1) is expected to protect all components of the forest ecosystem from the adverse effects of N deposition. Much of the western Sierra Nevada is above the lichen-based CL, showing significant changes in lichen indicator groups. The empirical N deposition threshold and that simulated by the DayCent model for enhanced NO(3)(-)leaching were 17kg N ha(-1) year(-1). DayCent estimated that elevated NO(3)(-) leaching in the San Bernardino Mountains began in the late 1950s. Critical values for litter C:N (34.1), ponderosa pine foliar N (1.1%), and N concentrations (1.0%) in the lichen Letharia vulpina ((L.) Hue) are indicative of CL exceedance.  相似文献   
78.
Humic substances   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Freshwater bodies which chemistry is dominated by dissolved humic substances (HS) seem to be the major type on Earth, due to huge non-calcareous geological formations in the Northern Hemisphere and in the tropics. Based on the paradigm of the inertness of being organic, direct interactions of dissolved HS with freshwater organisms are mostly neglected. However, dissolved organic carbon, the majority of which being HS, are natural environmental chemicals and should therefore directly interact with organisms. Major results that widened our perspective on humic substance ecology come from experiments with the compost nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, which behaved contradictorily to textbook knowledge and provoked an in-depth re-consideration of some paradigms. APPROACH: To overcome old paradigms on HS and their potential interactions with organisms, we reviewed recent international literature, as well as 'grey' literature. We also include results from own ongoing studies. RESULTS: This review focuses on direct interactions of dissolved HS with freshwater organisms and disregards indirect effects, such as under-water light quenching. Instead we show with some macrophyte and algal species that HS adversely interfere with photosynthesis and growth, whereby closely related algal species show different response patterns. In addition to this, HS suppress cyanobacteria more than eukaryotic algae. Quinones in the HS appear to be the effective structure. Furthermore, HS can modulate the offspring numbers in the nematode C. elegans and cause feminization of fish and amphibians--they possess hormone-like properties. The ecological consequences of this potential remain obscure at present. HS also have the potential to act as chemical attractants as shown with C. elegans and exert a mild chemical stress upon aquatic organisms in many ways: induction of molecular chaperons (stress proteins), induction and modulation of biotransformation and anti-oxidant enzymes. Furthermore, they produce an oxidative stress with lipidperoxidation as one clear symptom or even stress defense strategy. Stronger chemical stresses by HS may even lead to teratogenic effects as shown with fish embryos; all physiological responses to HS-mediated stress require energy, which were compensated on the expense of yolk as shown with zebra fish embryos. One Finnish field survey supports the view of a strong chemical stress, as the weight yield in fish species decreases with increasing HS content in the lakes. DISCUSSION: HS exert a variety of stress symptoms in aquatic and compost organisms. According to current paradigms of ecotoxicology, these symptoms have to be considered adverse, because their compensation consumes energy which is deducted from the main metabolism. However, the nematode C. elegans looks actively for such stressful environments, and this behavior is only understandable in the light of new paradigms of aging mechanisms, particularly the Green Theory of Aging. In this respect, we discuss the mild HS-mediated stress to aquatic and compost organisms. New empirical findings with HS themselves and HS building blocks appear to be consistent with this emerging paradigm and show that the individual lifespan may be expanded. At present the ecological consequences of these findings remain obscure. However, a multiple-stress resistance may be acquired which improves the individual fitness in a fluctuating environment. CONCLUSIONS: It appears that dissolved HS have to be considered abiotic ecological driving forces, somewhat less obvious than temperature, nutrients, or light. PERSPECTIVES: The understanding of the ecological control by dissolved humic substances is still fragmentary and needs to be studied in more details.  相似文献   
79.
Assessment of the phytoextraction potential of high biomass crop plants   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
A hydroponic screening method was used to identify high biomass crop plants with the ability to accumulate metals. Highest values of shoot accumulation were found in maize cv. Ranchero, rapeseed cv. Karat, and cardoon cv. Peralta for Pb (18 753 mg kg(-1)), Zn (10 916 mg kg(-1)), and Cd (242 mg kg(-1)), respectively. Subsequently, we tested the potential of these three cultivars for the phytoextraction of a metal spiked compost, finding out that, in cardoon and maize plants, increasing Zn and Cd concentrations led to lower values of root and shoot DW. By contrast, rapeseed shoot growth was not significantly affected by Cd concentration. Finally, a metal polluted soil was used to check these cultivars' phytoextraction capacity. Although the soil was phytotoxic enough to prevent the growth of cardoon and rapeseed plants, maize plants phytoextracted 3.7 mg Zn pot(-1). We concluded that the phytoextraction performance of cultivars varies depending on the screening method used.  相似文献   
80.
This study examined the influence of distance to the forest edge, forest type, and time on Cl, SO42−, NO3, and NH4+ throughfall deposition in forest edges. The forests were dominated by pedunculate oak, silver birch, or Corsican/Austrian pine, and were situated in two regions of Flanders (Belgium). Along transects, throughfall deposition was monitored at distances of 0-128 m from the forest edge. A repeated-measures analysis demonstrated that time, forest type, and distance to the forest edge significantly influenced throughfall deposition of the ions studied. The effect of distance to the forest edge depended significantly on forest type in the deposition of Cl, SO42−, and NO3: the edge effect was significantly greater in pine stands than in deciduous birch and oak stands. This finding supports the possibility of converting pine plantations into oak or birch forests in order to mitigate the input of nitrogen and potentially acidifying deposition.  相似文献   
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