臭氧与过氧化钙协同降解甲基红废水

对单独臭氧（O₃）、臭氧与过氧化钙（O₃/CaO₂）联用技术降解甲基红染料废水进行了研究,考察了O₃流量、温度、废水初始pH值、CaO₂投加量、处理时间以及不同水基质等因素对甲基红降解效果的影响.结果表明,在O₃流量为48L/h,温度为26℃,初始pH值为6.2的纯水中降解10min,单独O₃处理对甲基红的降解率为86.1%.在此条件下投加CaO₂,投加量为6.9mmol/L时,O₃/CaO₂联用技术对甲基红废水的脱色率可达到94%.水基质中草酸的存在并不会对O₃/CaO₂联用体系的降解作用造成抑制.O₃/CaO₂联用体系在多种复杂水基质中都能达到较好的脱色效果.通过对比试验发现,O₃/CaO₂联用对甲基红的降解起协同作用,CaO₂不仅可以产生H₂O₂促进染料被O₃降解,而且CaO₂的吸附作用也有利于染料和污染物质的氧化去除.该联用工艺可高效地去除印染废水的色度,达到出水水质处理标准.     

哈尔滨市大气细颗粒物污染特征及其毒性效应

为研究哈尔滨市大气细颗粒物的污染特征及其毒效应,分别采集PM_2.5、PM_1.0样品,分析其质量浓度、数浓度的变化分布特征以及对小鼠肺损伤的影响.结果表明：2017年全年PM_2.5、PM_1.0的质量浓度均呈冬高夏低趋势;PM_1.0质量浓度占PM_2.5总质量浓度的62%~85%,PM_1.0数浓度变化趋势为两边高中间低,且其大小与温度呈负相关,与相对湿度无显著相关性;研究大气颗粒物对小鼠肺损伤影响时发现,染毒组小鼠肺组织细胞中LDH、ACP、AKP、ALB增高,说明大气颗粒物PM_2.5和PM_1.0对小鼠肺组织细胞具有毒效应;肺灌洗液中MDA、NO、NOS水平升高,SOD活性下降,说明PM_2.5和PM_1.0都使机体发生氧化损伤,且PM_2.5和PM_1.0质量浓度增加,会使小鼠肺组织细胞毒效应增强,由此引发的机体氧化损伤程度增大.     

我国人为源挥发性有机物反应性排放清单

以我国人为源挥发性有机物(VOCs)为研究对象,使用具有代表性的VOCs总量排放清单、各污染源成分谱及物种最大增量反应活性值(MIR),建立了2010年我国人为源VOCs基于臭氧生成潜势(OFP)的反应性排放清单.结果表明,2010年我国人为源挥发性有机物总OFP为84 187.61 kt,其中,烷烃6 882.53 kt,烯炔烃41 496.92 kt,芳香烃32 945.32 kt,卤代烃161.45kt,含氧有机化合物2 701.40 kt.OFP贡献前10种物种分别为丙烯、乙烯、间/对-二甲苯、甲苯、1-丁烯、邻-二甲苯、1,2,4-三甲苯、1,3-丁二烯、间-乙基甲苯和乙苯,占人为源总OFP的63.95%,仅占VOCs排放总量的31.84%.人为源三大污染源中,工业源贡献了49.29%的OFP,为最大贡献源,其次是交通源28.31%和农业源22.40%.建筑装饰、石油炼制、储存与运输、机械设备制造、交通设备制造和包装印刷为工业OFP主要贡献源;轻型载客汽车、重型载客汽车及摩托车为交通源OFP污染控制的重点;生物质燃烧两类子源均为农业源OFP重点控制对象.山东、江苏、广东、浙江和河南是我国人为源OFP贡献最大的省份,占人为源总OFP的39.65%.该反应性清单的建立,对我国基于反应性臭氧(O3)控制对策的制定具有重要意义.     

热解析技术处理汞污染土壤研究进展

土壤既是大气汞与水体汞的汇,又是汞再次释放的源。土壤汞最终通过迁移等方式进入周边环境,危害人体和动植物的健康。综述了传统的汞污染场地修复技术,总结了热解析技术的影响因素、添加剂的协同处理以及热解前后土壤形态变化等,并对热解析技术处理汞污染土壤所存在的问题以及后续发展进行了展望。     

Preparation of Ti species coating hydrotalcite by chemical vapor deposition for photodegradation of azo dye

TiO_2 in anatase crystal phase is a very effective catalyst in the photocatalytic oxidation of organic compounds in water. To improve its photocatalytic activity, the Ti-coating Mg Al hydrotalcite(Ti–Mg Al–LDH) was prepared by chemical vapor deposition(CVD) method.Response surface method(RSM) was employed to evaluate the effect of Ti species coating parameters on the photocatalytic activity, which was found to be affected by the furnace temperature, N2 flow rate and influx time of precursor gas. Application of RSM successfully increased the photocatalytic efficiency of the Ti–Mg Al–LDH in methylene blue photodegradation under UV irradiation, leading to improved economy of the process.According to the results from X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Brunner–Emmet–Teller and Barrett–Joyner–Hallender, thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis, UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra analyses, the Ti species(TiO_2or/and Ti~(4+)) were successfully coated on the Mg Al–LDH matrix. The Ti species on the surface of the Ti–Mg Al–LDH lead to a higher photocatalytic performance than commercial TiO_2-P25. The results suggested that CVD method provided a new approach for the industrial preparation of Ti-coating Mg Al–LDH material with good photocatalytic performances.     

Purification, characterization and application of dual coagulants containing chitosan and different Al species in coagulation and ultrafiltration process

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different Al species and chitosan (CS) dosages on coagulation performance, floc characteristics (floc sizes, strength and regrowth ability and fractal dimension) and membrane resistance in a coagulation–ultrafiltration hybrid process. Results showed that different Al species combined with humic acid in diverse ways. Al_a had better removal efficiency, as determined by UV₂₅₄ and dissolved organic carbon, which could be further improved by the addition of CS. In addition, the optimal dosage of different Al species was determined to be 4.0 mg/L with the CS concentration of 1.0 mg/L, by orthogonal coagulation experiments. Combining Al_a/Al_b/Al_c with CS resulted in larger flocs, higher recovery, and higher fractal dimension values corresponding to denser flocs; in particular, the floc size at the steady state stage was four times larger than that obtained with Al species coagulants alone. The results of ultrafiltration experiments indicated that the external fouling percentage was significantly higher than that of internal fouling, at around 85% and 15%, respectively. In addition, the total membrane resistance was significantly decreased due to CS addition.     

菏泽市冬季大气PM2.5和PM10中碳组分来源解析

为研究菏泽市冬季大气颗粒物中碳组分的污染特征和来源,于2016年1月采集菏泽市冬季大气PM_2.5和PM₁₀样品,基于热光反射法分析样品中OC（有机碳）、EC（元素碳）及8个碳组分[OC1、OC2、OC3、OC4、EC1、EC2、EC3和OP（裂解碳）]的含量,并计算得到ρ（Char-EC）（Char-EC为燃料燃烧后固体残渣中的EC）和ρ（Soot-EC）（Soot-EC为燃烧后气相挥发物质再凝结形成的EC）,以定性识别大气颗粒物中碳组分的来源.结果表明,菏泽市冬季大气颗粒物样品中碳组分浓度处于较高水平,PM_2.5中的ρ（OC）、ρ（EC）分别为26.34、9.22 μg/m3,PM₁₀中ρ（OC）、ρ（EC）分别为31.82、10.71 μg/m3.采样期间大气PM_2.5中碳组分（OC、EC、OC1、OC2、OC3、OC4、EC1、EC2、EC3、Char-EC、Soot-EC）浓度与PM₁₀中相应各组分浓度的比值均大于0.5（0.60~0.90）,表明碳组分多集中于细粒子（PM_2.5）.大气颗粒物样品中各碳组分浓度具有明显空间差异,各点位大气PM_2.5和PM₁₀中ρ（OC）均显著高于ρ（EC）（T检验,P < 0.05）.菏泽市冬季大气PM_2.5和PM₁₀中Char-EC/Soot-EC（二者质量浓度之比）分别为10.04、8.00,并且存在显著的空间差异性（T检验,P < 0.05）.PMF（正定矩阵因子分解法）解析结果表明,菏泽市冬季大气PM_2.5和PM₁₀中碳组分来源主要有4类,包括两类柴油车（1类排放的碳组分中以EC2为主,定义为柴油车-1;1类排放的碳组分中以EC3为主,定义为柴油车-2）、汽油车、生物质燃烧和燃煤混合源,对大气PM_2.5中碳组分的分担率分别为13.98%、5.13%、24.47%、41.97%,对大气PM₁₀中碳组分的分担率分别为16.08%、8.21%、18.34%、47.35%.可见,菏泽市冬季大气PM_2.5和PM₁₀中碳的主要来源是柴油车、汽油车、生物质燃烧和燃煤.      

地形、树种和土壤属性对喀斯特山区土壤胞外酶活性的影响

土壤胞外酶在生态系统生物地球化学循环过程中扮演着重要角色,然而关于土壤胞外酶活性的主控因子研究还不够深入,特别是在偏碱性的钙质土壤区域相关研究尤其缺乏.本研究以典型喀斯特山区(木论国家级自然保护区)的林地为研究对象,采集不同地形条件(不同坡位和坡向)、不同树种(厚壳桂和伞花木)下的表层土壤(0~15 cm),测定了与碳、氮、磷循环相关的6种水解酶的活性及相关土壤理化性质.研究运用方差分解,并结合多响应置换过程以及冗余分析技术分析了地形、树种和土壤理化性质对土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明,坡位对土壤酶活性有显著影响.树种和坡向对土壤酶活性的影响不显著.方差分解结果表明,地形、树种和土壤理化性质共同解释了土壤酶活性变化的55.3%,其中土壤因子是影响酶活性改变的主要因子,解释了44.2%的变异.而冗余分析的结果进一步表明在土壤因子中,pH、总氮和无机氮是影响土壤酶活性变化的主要指标.研究首次量化了喀斯特地区小尺度内地形、树种及土壤理化性质对土壤酶活性变化的影响.研究也说明了在喀斯特山区小尺度内土壤酶活性的变化可由土壤理化性质来表征.     

硝酸盐对淡水水生生物毒性及水质基准推导

为推导保护淡水水生生物的NO3-水质基准,收集了NO3-的水生生物毒性数据,然后分析了不同水生生物类群的毒性敏感性,并分别采用评价因子法、毒性百分数排序法和物种敏感度分布法进行基准值推导.结果表明,不同生物类群的水生生物对NO3-毒性的敏感性存在明显差异,其敏感性排序为节肢动物门>软体动物门>脊索动物门;甲壳纲>昆虫纲>腹足纲>双壳>两栖纲>辐鳍纲.3种基准计算方法得到的基准值存在一定差异,最终推荐采用毒性百分数排序法得出的87.97mg·L-1和5.17 mg·L-1为现阶段NO3-(以N计)的水质急性毒性和慢性毒性基准值.     

A binational, supply-side evaluation for managing water quality and invasive fouling species on California's coastal boats

Integrated solutions are needed for sustainable management of risks posed by recreational boats to coastal water quality and ecosystems. Fouling organisms roughen vessel hull surfaces, creating friction that slows sailboats and increases fuel consumption by powerboats. Hull fouling control strategies for recreational boats that are stored in the water may include antifouling hull paints, newer alternative hull coatings, periodic in-water hull cleaning, and excluding propagules by surrounding the boat with a slip liner or raising it above water on a lift. Copper discharged to harbor waters from antifouling paints via passive leaching and in-water hull cleaning may elevate dissolved copper levels above government standards. Invasive species carried among boat-hull fouling organisms may be introduced as boats move among coastal areas. Some of these species tolerate copper in antifouling paints and copper-polluted harbor waters. Policy development must consider supply-side capacity, as well as economic and environmental sustainability, in managing these issues. This paper presents a supply-side evaluation useful in developing policies to co-manage water quality and invasive species risks for recreational boats navigating along the coasts of California, the Baja California peninsula and California's Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. Supply-side perspectives on services, materials, costs, and boat owner behaviors, such as residence and travel patterns, awareness of hull-coating choices and selection of hull coatings, are determined. Analyses include evaluation of risks, risk management capacity and costs, and role of education in risk management. The issues raised are broadly applicable, as they are appearing on research and policy agendas in diverse coastal areas.