改性糠醛渣吸附脱硫废水中钙离子

石灰石-石膏法烟气脱硫技术中石灰石利用率低导致钙流失严重,为实现脱硫废水中Ca2+的资源化利用,进行糠醛渣改性和Ca2+的吸附特性研究。实验结果表明,利用H3PO4改性后的糠醛渣对脱硫废水中Ca2+具有较高的吸附率;在振荡的前30 min吸附率上升极快,至90 min时基本达到平衡吸附量;对Ca2+浓度对吸附率影响研究结果表明,平衡吸附量与平衡浓度关系符合Langmuir等温吸附方程;在初始Ca2+浓度为300 mg/L的溶液中加入3 g吸附剂,温度30℃条件下振荡90 min,平衡吸附量为8.41 mg/g。     

Fe~(3+)和Cu~(2+)对饮用水氯消毒副产物三卤甲烷形成的影响

为了研究水中存在Br-的情况下,Fe3+和Cu2+对三卤甲烷(THMs)的生成及CHCl3、CHBr Cl2、CHBr2Cl、CHBr34种消毒副产物相对分布的影响,以腐殖酸模拟氯消毒过程中的前体物进行实验。结果表明,在p H为6、7和9 3种条件下,Fe3+抑制了THMs的生成,p H=6时只有CHCl3生成量随着Fe3+浓度的增加逐渐减少,其余3种消毒副产物均在增加,p H=7时4种消毒副产物浓度均减小并在Fe3+浓度为2 mg/L时生成量最低,p H=9时的生成趋势与p H=6时类似。Cu2+能促进THMs的生成,在p H为6、7和9时,当加入0.5 mg/L Cu2+时,THMs总量分别增加了16.7%、22.6%和2.5%,随着p H增加,THMs总量增加。在3种p H环境中,Cu2+对THMs生成的影响大于Fe3+,在偏酸性环境中,Fe3+影响THMs生成,产生的致癌风险高,当金属离子浓度为2.5 mg/L时,致癌风险相差最高为15%,在中性和偏碱性环境中,Cu2+影响THMs生成,产生的致癌风险高。     

高炉渣对Cd~(2+)的吸附性能

采用包头钢铁集团炼铁厂的高炉渣为吸附剂(粒径0.154 nm)对Cd2+进行吸附,运用SEM技术对吸附剂进行了表征,研究了初始Cd2+质量浓度、吸附剂加入量、吸附时间、吸附温度和废水pH对Cd2+去除率的影响,并探讨了吸附机理。表征结果显示:高炉渣吸附剂具有疏松多孔的特点,表面十分粗糙,比表面积较大。实验结果表明:当吸附温度为室温(28℃)、废水pH为7、初始Cd2+质量浓度为10 mg/L、吸附剂加入量为8 g/L、吸附时间为60 min时,Cd2+去除率达到98.55%;高炉渣对Cd2+的吸附符合拟二级动力学方程和Langmuir等温吸附模型,且吸附反应易发生。     

碱熔融—微波晶化法合成粉煤灰沸石及其对Cd2+的吸附

以粉煤灰为主要原料,采用碱熔融—微波晶化法合成粉煤灰沸石。采用XRD,SEM,TEM等技术表征了粉煤灰沸石的微观结构,并对其吸附Cd²⁺的性能进行了研究。表征结果显示,粉煤灰沸石主要由X型沸石、P型沸石和铝组成,粉煤灰沸石中有排列规则、呈蜂窝状的孔穴和孔道存在,其孔穴和孔道大小分布均匀,致密。粉煤灰沸石的比表面积为108.49 m²/g,平均孔径为3.779 nm,孔体积为0.221 mL/g。实验结果表明,在溶液pH为7、吸附时间30 min的最佳吸附条件下,Cd²⁺去除率均大于94%。粉煤灰沸石对Cd²⁺的吸附可很好地用二级动力学方程进行拟合,相关系数为0.999 99。可用Langmuir等温吸附模型描述该吸附过程,该吸附过程是单分子层吸附,主要是化学吸附,粉煤灰沸石对Cd²⁺的饱和吸附量为49.261 mg/g。     

贵阳市区大气降水中有机酸的研究

利用ICS-90常规离子色谱结合RFC-30型淋洗液在线发生器,对贵阳市区大气降水中的小分子有机酸进行了系统研究。测得贵阳市降水中的有机酸主要以甲酸[质量分数为(0.2-4.5)×10-6]、乙酸[质量分数为(0.6-5.3)×10-6]、草酸[质量分数为(0.1-4.9)×10-6]为主,其次是乳酸和丙酮酸,及少量丙酸和甲烷磺酸;有机酸对降水自由酸平均贡献为23.2%,占总阴离子的1.4%;通过比较贵阳市区有机酸前后二十年的变化,得出现阶段可能至少有近1/2乙酸和3/4甲酸来源于人类的活动,这说明有机酸人为源是其来源的重要组成部分。     

Effects of an Exotic Plant Invasion on Native Understory Plants in a Tropical Dry Forest

Abstract: The dry forests of southern India, which are endangered tropical ecosystems and among the world's most important tiger (Panthera tigris) habitats, are extensively invaded by exotic plants. Yet, experimental studies exploring the impacts of these invasions on native plants in these forests are scarce. Consequently, little is known about associated implications for the long‐term conservation of tigers and other biodiversity in these habitats. I studied the impacts of the exotic plant Lantana camara on understory vegetation in a dry‐forest tiger habitat in southern India. I compared the richness, composition, and abundance of tree seedlings, herbs, and shrubs and the abundance of grass among plots in which Lantana was cleared or left standing. These plots were distributed across two blocks—livestock free and livestock grazed. Removal of Lantana had an immediate positive effect on herb–shrub richness in the livestock‐free block, but had no effect on that of tree seedlings in either livestock block. Tree‐seedling and herb–shrub composition differed significantly between Lantana treatment and livestock block, and Lantana removal significantly decreased survival of tree seedlings. Nevertheless, the absence of trees, in any stage between seedling and adult, indicates that Lantana may stall tree regeneration. Lantana removal decreased the abundance of all understory strata, probably because forage plants beneath Lantana are less accessible to herbivores, and plants in Lantana‐free open plots experienced greater herbivory. Reduced access to forage in invaded habitats could negatively affect ungulate populations and ultimately compromise the ability of these forests to sustain prey‐dependent large carnivores. Additional research focused on understanding and mitigating threats posed by exotic plants may be crucial to the long‐term protection of these forests as viable tiger habitats.     

EFFECTS OF COAL PILE RUNOFF ON STREAM QUALITY AND MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES1

Samples of coal pile runoff, Georges Creek water, and macrobenthos above and below two coal storage areas along Georges Creek, Allegany County, Maryland, were collected in July, August, and September 1982, and February and July 1983. Coal pile runoff was collected under high- and low-flow conditions. Water samples were analyzed for Hg, Zn, As, Fe, Mn, Al, SO₄^?2, pH, filterable and non-filterable residue, conductivity and acidity. Leachate from coal piles along Georges Creek contained high concentrations of heavy metals, particularly manganese, aluminum and zinc. Iron and sulfate were very high and the pH ranged from 1.4 to 3.1. Georges Creek water had much lower concentrations of metals, iron and sulfate and a pH of about 7.0. The distribution of macrobenthos in Georges Creek showed the effects of both runoff from coal storage piles and periodic drought. Brillouin's diversity index values were low even in areas which did not dry. Densities of tubificid worms and chironomid larvae were very high above the coal storage areas where organic inputs were high. At all the rest of the sampling stations, macroinvertebrate densities were very low. Where coal pile runoff enters Georges Creek, it compounds the effects of periodic drought and further stresses the aquatic community.     

Synthesis of hydrogarnet from molten slag and its hydrogen chloride fixation performance at high temperature

Hydrogarnet was synthesized hydrothermally below 200°C using molten slag obtained from municipal solid waste. For comparison, it was also synthesized using pure-phase CaO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–H₂O, as reported previously. The structural and textural properties of this material were investigated using various analytical and spectroscopic techniques such as X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), thermogravimetry/differential thermal analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The Cl⁻ fixation ability of hydrogarnet was investigated in the temperature range 500–800°C in a fixed-bed flow reactor using a HCl concentration (1000 p.p.m.v.) similar to that of incinerator exhaust gas. Under these experimental conditions, the hydrogarnet was capable of reducing the HCl gas level to less than 1 p.p.m.v. Analysis of the spent catalyst revealed that the hydrogarnet was being transformed into wadalite and CaCl₂ at high temperatures. The elution test for chromium ions in hydrogarnet obtained from slag was also used, and it was found that chromium ions were not eluted from hydrogarnet. Received: January 27, 2001 / Accepted: October 11, 2001     

Dynamics of Bacterial Abundance,Biomass, Activity,and Community Composition in the Oligotrophic Traunsee and the Traun River (Austria)

The holomictic Traunsee is the deepest and second largest lakein Austria. The special characteristic of this ecosystem isthe fact that local salt and soda industries presumably alterthe lake by the discharge of waste materials. Since thebeginning of the 20th century salt and soda works areannually releasing up to 50,000 tons of solid wastes and up to150,000 tons of chloride into Traunsee. To assess potentialeffects of these anthropogenic impacts on the bacterioplanktonthree sampling sites, influenced as well as not influenced bythe industrial discharge, were chosen for comparison andsampled monthly from November 1997 to October 1998. Bacterialabundance ranged between 0.4 to 3.0 × 10⁶ cells ml^-1 with decreasing numbers along the depth profile. Theproportion of actively respiring bacteria, i.e. INT [2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyltetrazolium chloride]reducing cells, never exceeded 10% of DAPI (4',6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole) stained cells. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to examine the seasonal and spatial distribution of dominant phylogenetic groups of thebacterioplankton. Up to 84% of bacteria detected with DAPIcould be detected via FISH applying the universal bacterialprobe EUB338. Percentages of alpha- and beta-Proteobacteriaand members of the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium cluster did notexceed 60% of DAPI-stained cells.Beta-Proteobacteriaappeared to be the most abundant group, not only in Traunsee butalso in two reference lakes, Attersee and Hallstättersee. No significant differences in any of the bacterial parameters couldbe detected between the three sampling sites and all measurementswere found in the range reported for oligotrophic lakes. The highdischarge of the Traun River, resulting in a lake water renewaltime of only one year, may diminish possible effects of industrial waste discharge in the pelagic zone.     

城市土地资产经营新思路探讨

自1996年上海市成立第一家土地收购储备机构——土地发展中心后，全国各大城市已纷纷效仿它的成功经验。截止2001年8月不完全统计，全国已有大小不同的土地收购储备机构669家。实践证明，土地收购储备机制在盘活城市存量土地，促进土地集约利用，保障城市土地资产的保值增值等方面成绩卓著。然而，实践过程中，土地收购储备机制的运作也暴露出不少问题。本文通过对这些问题的分析，提出了引进公司制度完善土地收购储备机制，合理运营城市土地资产的新思路。