红壤区土壤有机碳的循环和平衡及有机资源利用

根据野外采样分析,调查及田间试验结果,讨论了红壤区土壤有机质含量的变异规律及影响因素,分析了红壤有机碳的循环和平衡状况,初步探讨了红壤有机质含量变化及其与土壤肥力退化的关系,并根据红壤有机物质资源特点提出合理利用的途径和措施。红壤区农田土壤有机质的平均含量低于东北黑土平原区,长江中下游平原区和珠江三角洲平原区,而高于黄淮海平原区以及黄土高原区,包括自然因素和人为因素所造成输入土壤的有机物质量的差异     

四湖地区湿地农田土壤养分障碍与养分平衡及合理施肥

在分析湖北江汉平原四湖地区成土条件与特征的基础上．揭示了四湖地区湿地农田土壤主要养分障碍及农田生态系统养分平衡状况，并对水稻施肥的效应及合理施肥技术进行了研究．     

甘蔗渣为缓释碳源负载SRB处理模拟矿山淋滤水

以甘蔗渣为缓释碳源及载体,负载硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)处理含低浓度Cu2+离子的模拟矿山淋滤水,研究了缓释碳源、pH、ORP、SO42-、COD等对矿山淋滤水中Cu2+去除效果的影响,并探讨了处理过程中铜元素的形态及归趋模式。结果表明:在处理过程中pH呈现缓慢升高趋势,ORP全部降至-100 mV以下;硫酸根还原率可达92.4%;甘蔗渣作为缓释碳源释放稳定,COD可稳定保持200~300 mg/L之间;负载在甘蔗渣载体上的菌群可耐受高浓度Cu2+的毒性抑制,并利用缓释碳源甘蔗渣释放出的小分子物质将硫酸根持续还原;至实验期结束,20 mg/L的Cu2+浓度降至0.5 mg/L以下,较高浓度的Cu2+拟通过多级反应器串联进行逐级去除;SO42-和Cu2+的反应速率比表明,SRB每还原约15 mg SO42-,就有1 mg Cu2+得到去除;Cu2+主要是以硫化物的形式得以去除。     

总体平衡模式工伤保险基金筹集模式的研究

针对我国目前工伤保险基金筹集模式中最重要的总体平衡模式,利用参保人数、伤残人数、伤残比例等具体的历史数据进行了预测,得出总体平衡模式工伤保险基金的应交费率和费用,为工伤保险基金的有效筹集提供了有益的思路和借鉴.     

Fate of linear alkylbenzenes and benzothiazoles of anthropogenic origin and their potential as environmental molecular markers in the Pearl River Delta, South China

The mass emissions of linear alkylbenzenes (LABs), benzothiazole (BT), and 2-[4-morpholinyl]benzothiazole (24MoBT) from anthropogenic activities within one year were estimated according to the population and the number of automobiles in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), South China. Based on the estimation, the distribution of these compounds among various environmental media was simulated with a mass balance box model established in the present study. The results showed that 79% of LABs generated in the PRD was stored in sediment while only 1.3% of LABs was presumably transported to the adjacent South China Sea (SCS). On the contrary, 47% of BT and 77% of 24MoBT generated in the region were carried with riverine runoff to the coastal ocean. The results from the present study suggest that hydrophobic compounds tend to stay in the watershed of the PRD, whereas hydrophilic ones mainly outflow to the coastal ocean.     

A comparison of Alpine emissions to forest soil and spruce needle loads for persistent organic pollutants (POPs)

The project MONARPOP analysed the concentrations of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in two important sink compartments, needles of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) and forest soil from 40 remote Alpine forest sites in Austria, Germany, Italy, Slovenia and Switzerland.In the present study the load of PCDD/F, PCB, PBDE, PAH, HCB, HCH and DDT in the Alps calculated on the basis of measured data are compared with their estimated emissions in the Alpine region. It comes out that the masses of the studied pollutants stored in the forests are higher than the corresponding emissions in the Alpine area indicating that the Alps are a sink for POPs advected from surrounding areas. It is assumed that local emissions of PCDD/F and PAH deriving from biomass burning are probably underestimated and that the pool of these pollutants in the forests represents the accumulation over some decades.     

全球变化下有关卤代甲烷源汇的研究进展

大气中存在的卤代甲烷对臭氧层具有极强的破坏作用并参与其它气候现象，其动态变化对臭氧的恢复和地球生态系统有重要影响。文章概述了全球变化下卤代甲烷源汇的研究情况并简单探索其进一步的研究方向。几种卤代甲烷中，溴代甲烷源汇最复杂且对臭氧具有最强的破坏力，因此研究较多。已证明CH3Br的来源有：海洋、土壤、生物燃烧、陆地植物和沼泽地的释放等；CH3Br的汇包括：光化学分解、被土壤和植物吸收、在海洋中的化学和生物降解等。但事实上是已知汇远远大于已知源，且各个源汇的通量在不同研究中结果差异较大，归其原因是卤代甲烷释放与吸收机制的不确定性。虽然近几年的研究也应用了稳定同位素示踪技术，但卤代甲烷各源汇的具体贡献并不清楚。今后卤代甲烷源汇的研究重点应放在与气体产生机制最密切的地下部分即“地下生态学”对其通量的影响，而同位素技术的改进及其在痕量气体研究中的应用也将是未来的重点方向。     

化学质量平衡受体模型新技术的应用──TEDA大气颗粒物来源解析实例

本文结合实例介绍了大气颗粒物来源解析最常用的模型－化学质量平衡（ＣＭＢ）的原理、有效方差最小二乘解法及诊断检验技术，并用ＭＰＩＮ矩阵检验了拟合元素对拟合源的灵敏度，奇异值分解法（ＳＶＤ）鉴别了共线源，得出天津市经济技术开发区（ＴＥＤＡ）的ＴＳＰ主要来源为风沙、扬尘，其次为燃煤飞灰和木灰。     

Drain of the Yellow River at Shandong Section: Causes and Countermeasures

1Harmful impacts of the drain of the Yellow RiverAccording to existing hydrographic records,the drain of the Yellow River (hereinafter referred toas the Drain) has the following three features.(1 ) The annual starting date of the Drain has beenadvancing.(2 ) The drain season has been prolonging.(3) The drain section has been extendingtoward the upper reaches of the Yellow River.In 1 997,the Yellow River suffered a drain of 2 2 6days atthe locality of L ijin County,Shandong Province and o…     

北京西山典型游憩林内PM2.5质量浓度及水溶性离子特征分析

以北京西山森林公园为观测点,运用双通道颗粒物在线监测设备监测PM2.5质量浓度,使用离子色谱仪测定样品中水溶性离子浓度,对北京西山油松林PM2.5质量浓度及水溶性离子特征进行分析。结果表明：PM2.5质量浓度为冬季（121.29±16.78）μg·m-3 > 春季（106.06±12.68）μg·m-3 > 秋季（88.01±17.44）μg·m-3 > 夏季（72.67±12.18）μg·m-3;SO42-、Na+、NO3-、HCOO-是PM2.5中最主要的水溶性离子成分,占所测水溶性离子浓度在四季分别为94.99%、72.66%、72.66%、89.52%,PM2.5受SO42-、Na+、NO3-、NH4+影响较大,基本呈正相关关系,SO42-、Na+、NO3-、NH4+、PM2.5浓度季节变化一致,即在冬季最高,夏季最低,春秋次之,且水溶性离子季节差异显著。SO42-和NO3-、Na+、NH4+的相关性极显著（r=0.85、0.80、0.92）,NO3-和Na+、NH4+之间关系也较大（r=0.87、0.66）,Ca2+和Mg2+相关性极明显（r=0.98）,其他水溶性离子间无明显的相关性,固定源和海洋源对水溶性离子贡献程度呈现出季节差异,秋季机动车尾气排放对空气硫和氮污染贡献达最高,春季最低,夏秋季海洋源对Cl-影响明显。通过对森林植被区PM2.5、水溶性离子特征及关系进行分析,更好地发挥植被的生态效益,提高空气质量。