含氯有机物非生物降解方法的最新研究进展

通过介绍目前国际上对含氯有机物的非生物降解方法的最新研究成果,包括零价金属还原、金属组合体系还原脱氯、含铁化合物还原降解、催化加氢还原以及机械化学方法等.分析了每种技术的具体应用和存在的问题以及这些处理方法的发展方向等.     

Influence of hydrogeochemical processes on zero-valent iron reactive barrier performance: a field investigation

Geochemical and mineralogical changes were evaluated at a field Fe0-PRB at the Oak Ridge Y-12 site concerning operation performance during the treatment of U in high NO3- groundwater. In the 5-year study period, the Fe0 remained reactive as shown in pore-water monitoring data, where increases in pH and the removal of certain ionic species persisted. However, coring revealed varying degrees of cementation. After 3.8-year treatment, porosity reduction of up to 41.7% was obtained from mineralogical analysis on core samples collected at the upgradient gravel-Fe0 interface. Elsewhere, Fe0 filings were loose with some cementation. Fe0 corrosion and pore volume reduction at this site are more severe due to the presence of NO3- at a high level. Tracer tests indicate that hydraulic performance deteriorated: the flow distribution was heterogeneous and under the influence of interfacial cementation a large portion of water was diverted around the Fe0 and transported outside the PRB. Based on the equilibrium reductions of NO3- and SO4(2-) by Fe0 and mineral precipitation, geochemical modeling predicted a maximum of 49% porosity loss for 5 years of operation. Additionally, modeling showed a spatial distribution of mineral precipitate volumes, with the maximum advancing from the interface toward downgradient with time. This study suggests that water quality monitoring, coupled with hydraulic monitoring and geochemical modeling, can provide a low-cost method for assessing PRB performance.     

铁屑微电解-共沉淀法处理屠宰场废水的研究

利用铁屑微电解-共沉淀法处理屠宰场废水,介绍其作用机理,考察了废水pH值、铁屑用量、反应时间、曝气时间和操作方式等因素对色度和CODCr去除率的影响.结果表明,在废水pH值为4,铁屑用量为15%,常温反应4 h,曝气时间2 h条件下,色度去除率可达100%,CODCr去除率达92.68%.     

铁黄生产中废水处理与废渣的回收利用

介绍了氧化铁黄生产中的废水治理情况，同时其产生的废渣可回收利用。经过治理产生的环境、经济和社会效益显著。     

焦炭和废铁屑微电解预处理垃圾渗滤液的研究

研究表明,废铁屑和焦炭微电解是预处理垃圾渗滤液的一种有效方法,可去除垃圾渗滤液COD、色度和腐殖酸等污染物质,改善其可生化性、降低负荷,为后续生化处理创造良好的条件.通过静态正交实验确定废铁屑和焦炭最佳投加体积比为1∶3;最佳反应pH值为4;动态实验中,反应时间为1 h时,COD和色度去除率分别高达68%和91%;BOD/COD从0.3提高到0.5左右.     

Speciation of heavy metals in estuarine sediments in the northeast of Brazil

An analytical procedure involving a three-step sequential extraction was used to determine the chemical association of heavy metals (Zn, Cr, Mn and Fe) with the major phases (exchangable, reducible and oxidizable) in samples from a fishpond of estuarine sediments. The pond is located in the Capibaribe River estuary, within the boundaries of the city of Recife, in the State of Pernambuco in the northeast of Brazil. The total metal content was determined as well. All metals were extracted from the residual fraction at a percentage greater than 50%.     

纳米零价铁(NZVI)对厌氧产甲烷活性、污泥特性和微生物群落结构的影响

重点比较了纳米零价铁(NZVI)和微米级铁(ZVI)短期暴露条件下,厌氧产甲烷过程中污泥产甲烷活性、污泥生理生化特征、细胞膜磷脂组成和微生物群落结构的变化.结果表明,NZVI组中累积产甲烷量随着NZVI投加浓度的增加降低.5 000mg·L~(-1)ZVI组累积产甲烷量未受影响.5 d时NZVI(100~5 000 mg·L~(-1))组铁离子浓度是空白组的1.6~7.4倍,5 000mg·L~(-1)ZVI组铁离子浓度略高于空白组.5 000 mg·L~(-1)NZVI组胞外聚合物总量大幅下降为空白组的21.1%,而活菌比仍可保持在空白组的79.7%.辅酶F420和辅酶M含量在5 000 mg·L~(-1)NZVI组中为空白组的40.2%和61.6%,但100 mg·L~(-1)NZVI组和5 000 mg·L~(-1)ZVI组中辅酶F420含量升高为空白组的1.3倍.不同实验组污泥支链脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸的总含量为:ZVI-5 000(21.18%)空白组(19.37%)NZVI-1000(16.69%)NZVI-5000(15.94%)NZVI-100(12.08%).NZVI可使环境中铁离子浓度升高和细胞膜流动性下降,降低细胞活性和产甲烷关键辅酶活性,从而对产甲烷过程造成抑制;主成分分析和冗余分析表明,厌氧系统中微生物群落组成可受到NZVI的影响发生较大变化,Nakamurella、Bacillus、Trichococcus和Petrimonas对NZVI耐受性高.     

铁纳米线对水中Cu2+的吸附性能及机理

为研究nZVI（纳米零价铁）材料对水中Cu2+的吸附性能,采用液相还原法合成核壳结构的nZVI,即FSCNs（铁纳米线,Fe@Fe₂O₃ core-shell nanowires）.通过批处理吸附试验研究pH、离子强度、FSCNs投加量、反应时间、初始ρ（Cu2+）、反应温度等因素对Cu2+去除率的影响,运用动力学模型、等温吸附模型和吸附热力学模型分析FSCNs对Cu2+的吸附特性,并利用SEM（扫描电镜）、XRD（X射线衍射）和XPS（X射线光电子能谱）等表征手段探讨FSCNs对Cu2+的吸附机制.结果表明:①在pH为5、离子强度为0.01 mol/L、FSCNs投加量为0.5 g/L、反应温度为318 K条件下,FSCNs对Cu2+产生的吸附容量最大,为387.6 mg/g.②FSCNs对Cu2+的吸附反应在30 min内达到吸附平衡,此时的最大吸附率可达96%;FSCNs对Cu2+的吸附更符合准二级动力学模型（R2≥0.992）,表明化学吸附可能为该反应的限制步骤;Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型均能较好地拟合吸附结果（R2≥0.992）;该吸附过程是自发的吸热反应〔ΔG0（吉布斯标准自由能） < 0,ΔH0（标准焓变）>0〕.③大部分Cu2+在加入FSCNs后转化为Cu、Cu₂O和CuO,被吸附在FSCNs表面,吸附、还原与共沉淀可能是FSCNs去除水中Cu2+的主要机理.研究显示,FSCNs对Cu2+的最大吸附容量为387.6 mg/g,能快速高效吸附水中的Cu2+,应用前景良好.      

Performance and mechanism of Cr(VI) removal by zero-valent iron loaded onto expanded graphite

Zero-valent iron (ZVI) was loaded on expanded graphite (EG) to produce a composite material (EG-ZVI) for efficient removal of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)). EG and EG-ZVI were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis. EG-ZVI had a high specific surface area and contained sub-micron sized particles of zero-valent iron. Batch experiments were employed to evaluate the Cr(VI) removal performance. The results showed that the Cr(VI) removal rate was 98.80% for EG-ZVI, which was higher than that for both EG (10.00%) and ZVI (29.80%). Furthermore, the removal rate of Cr(VI) by EG-ZVI showed little dependence on solution pH within a pH range of 1–9. Even at pH 11, a Cr(VI) removal rate of 62.44% was obtained after reaction for 1 hr. EG-ZVI could enhance the removal of Cr(VI) via chemical reduction and physical adsorption, respectively. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to analyze the mechanisms of Cr(VI) removal, which indicated that the ZVI loaded on the surface was oxidized, and the removed Cr(VI) was immobilized via the formation of Cr(III) hydroxide and Cr(III)–Fe(III) hydroxide/oxyhydroxide on the surface of EG-ZVI.     

阴离子对Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans氧化活性及次生铁矿物形成影响

酸性矿山废水（AMD）具有酸度高并含有大量可溶性Fe、硫酸根及重（类）金属的特点,采用生物矿化方法促使AMD中Fe向羟基硫酸铁次生矿物转变,对AMD后期石灰中和减少氢氧化铁和废石膏的产生,提高中和效率具有实际意义.通过模拟酸性矿山废水,考察了Cl^-、NO₃^-、PO₄^3-3种阴离子对嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌（A.ferrooxidans）体系中pH值、Fe²⁺氧化率、总Fe沉淀率、次生铁矿物矿相的影响.结果表明,高浓度阴离子对A.ferrooxidans氧化Fe²⁺能力具有抑制作用.A.ferrooxidans对阴离子的耐受性依次为PO₄^3- > NO₃^- > Cl^-.阴离子浓度在A.ferrooxidans耐受范围内时,其对Fe²⁺的生物氧化速率基本没有影响.但高浓度阴离子会通过抑制A.ferrooxidans的氧化活性,从而间接影响Fe³⁺的水解成矿过程,导致培养终点时总Fe沉淀率降低和次生铁矿物产量减少.受Fe³⁺供应速率降低的影响,次生铁矿物的合成途径易向施氏矿物转变.