铁氧化物复合氧化铝催化臭氧化过程中溴酸盐的生成控制

以市售活性炭、硅藻土和氧化铝小球为载体,考察了负载铁基活性组分对催化臭氧化过程中溴酸盐的控制情况,其中,铁基复合氧化铝小球体现出更好的溴酸盐还原特性和催化剂稳定性,证实催化剂中铁氧化物是溴酸盐得到有效控制的主要活性组分。进一步考察了铁基复合氧化铝小球催化臭氧化处理实际原水过程中对溴酸盐的生成控制,以及反应过程中溶解性有机碳（DOC）的去除情况。结果表明,与单独臭氧化相比,该催化剂既能有效去除水中的溶解性有机物,又能明显抑制溴酸盐的生成,反应50h,其活性并没有明显下降。催化剂失活主要归因于吸附位点数量的下降,可以通过负载铁氧化物来实现催化剂的再生。     

氯化蒸馏废酸还原回收锗

以锗烟尘氯化蒸馏后的废盐酸为原料,以废铁为还原剂,使废酸中的有价金属锗以还原态沉淀富集在渣中,强化氧化氯化蒸馏回收四氯化锗,锗的综合回收率达94．10％。同时生产净水剂用液体氯化铁产品。     

Arsenic and chromate removal from water by iron chips-Effects of anions

The purpose of this study is to estimate the removal efficiency of As and Cr (VI) by one kind of industrial waste — iron chips, as well as to estimate the effects of typical inorganic anions (sulfate, phosphate, and nitrate), and typical organic anions (citrate, oxalate, and humate) on As or Cr (VI) removal. The results showed that 98% of As (V) and 92% of As (III) could be removed from aqueous phase by the iron chips within 60 min. Compared with As species, Cr (VI) was removed much more rapidly and efficiently with 97% of Cr (VI) being removed within 25 min. The removal efficiency for arsenic was in the order: As (III) (sulfate), As (III) (nitrate) or As (III), As (III) (humate), As (III) (oxalate), As (III) (citrate), As (III) (phosphate), and for chromate was in the order: Cr (VI) (sulfate), Cr (VI) (phosphate) or Cr (VI) (nitrate) or Cr (VI) (oxalate), Cr (VI), Cr (VI) (citrate), Cr (VI) (humate). In all the treatments, pH level increased with time except for As (III), the removal of which was either without anions or in the presence of humate or nitrate.     

酸浸粉煤灰混凝法处理制革废水的研究

笔者研究了在热电厂粉煤灰中加入少量的鼓风炉铁泥和适量的助溶剂HS,在加热条件下用稀硫酸搅拌浸取2h后,制得集物理吸附和化学混凝为一体的混凝剂。这种混凝剂与聚硅酸铝铁(PSAF)絮凝剂配合处理COD为1500～2000mg/L制革废水,SS,COD,硫化物和铬的去除率分别为95%,93%,92%和88%。该法的显著特点是混凝沉降速度快,污泥体积小,处理废水费用低,此外还探讨了酸浸粉煤灰混凝剂对制革废水的混凝沉降机理。      

H酸综合废水治理工艺试验研究及工程应用

针对H酸母液及T酸一次洗水高含盐量有机废水进行系统的实验研究，结果表明：废水经冷却、结晶、过滤后，用铁屑过滤，石灰乳、PAM处理．使废水COD去除率为50％，脱色率为7O％，BOD／CODcr提高到0．2以上，预期COD去除率达60％以上，BOD去除率达85％以上，NH3—N去除率达80％以上．     

阴/非离子表面活性剂强化微米Cu/Fe对水及土壤泥浆中有机氯农药的降解

选择氯丹、硫丹和灭蚁灵为目标污染物,以实际污染场地土壤为对象,研究了表面活性剂强化微米Cu/Fe双金属对水和土壤泥浆中有机氯农药的降解效果。结果表明,非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100(TX-100)强化效果优于阴离子的十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)。TX-100强化微米Cu/Fe体系能实现水中有机氯农药的快速高效降解,最佳TX-100浓度为0.1 mmol·L-1。处理12 h后,γ-氯丹、硫丹和α-氯丹的降解率接近100%,灭蚁灵的降解率达到85.2%。对于土壤泥浆体系,偏酸性p H值对微米Cu/Fe的还原活性有重要作用。加入TX-100显著促进了微米Cu/Fe双金属对土壤中有机氯农药的还原降解(P0.05)。Cu负载量的提高增强了污染物的降解去除效果。当m(土)∶V(水)为1∶5、土中Fe投加量w为10%、Cu负载量为5.0%、TX-100浓度为5.0 mmol·L-1、p H值为4~5时,处理72 h后,γ-氯丹、硫丹、α-氯丹和灭蚁灵的降解率分别为83.5%、68.1%、86.8%和70.1%。TX-100强化微米Cu/Fe双金属还原降解是一种有效的有机氯农药污染土壤修复技术。     

A red water occurrence in drinking water distribution systems caused by changes in water source in Beijing,China: mechanism analysis and control measures

A red water phenomenon occurred in several communities few days after the change of water source in Beijing, China in 2008. In this study, the origin of this problem, the mechanism of iron release and various control measures were investigated. The results indicated that a significant increase in sulphate concentration as a result of the new water source was the cause of the red water phenomenon. The mechanism of iron release was found that the high-concentration sulphate in the new water source disrupted the stable shell of scale on the inner pipe and led to the release of iron compounds. Experiments showed that the iron release rate in the new source water within pipe section was over 11-fold higher than that occurring within the local source water. The recovery of tap water quality lasted several months despite ameliora- tive measures being implemented, including adding phosphate, reducing the overall proportion of the new water source, elevating the pH and alkalinity, and utilizing free chlorine as a disinfectant instead of chloramine. Adding phosphate was more effective and more practical than the other measures. The iron release rate was decreased after the addition of 1.5 mg. L-1 orthophosphate- P, tripolyphosphate-P and hexametaphosphate-P by 68%, 83% and 87%, respectively. Elevating the pH and alkalinity also reduced the iron release rate by 50%. However, the iron release rate did not decreased after replacing chloramine by 0.5-0.8 mg. L-1 of free chlorine as disinfectant.     

Applications of nanomaterials in water treatment and environmental remediation

Nanotechnology has revolutionized plethora of scientific and technological fields; environmental safety is no exception. One of the most promising and well- developed environmental applications of nanotechnology has been in water remediation and treatment where different nanomaterials can help purify water through different mechanisms including adsorption of heavy metals and other pollutants, removal and inactivation of patho- gens and transformation of toxic materials into less toxic compounds. For this purpose, nanomaterials have been produced in different shapes, integrated into various composites and functionalized with active components. Nanomaterials have also been incorporated in nanostructured catalytic membranes which can in turn help enhance water treatment. In this article, we have provided a succinct review of the most common and popular nanomaterials （titania, carbon nanotubes （CNTs）, zero-valent iron, dendrimers and silver nanomaterials） which are currently used in environmental remediation and particularly in water purification. The catalytic properties and functionalities of the mentioned materials have also been discussed.     

CeO2负载型双金属Pd/Fe催化还原四氯化碳的实验研究

实验采用共沉淀法制得CeO_2负载型双金属Pd/Fe催化剂,并对催化剂的结构特征进行了X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析.使用负载型双金属催化剂对四氯化碳进行还原脱氯研究,探究了温度、溶液初始pH值、催化剂投加量及不同钯载率对四氯化碳脱氯的影响;对比了不同催化剂包括纳米零价铁、纳米钯铁双金属和CeO_2负载型双金属Pd/Fe对四氯化碳的脱氯效果.实验结果表明负载型双金属催化剂在温度为40℃,溶液初始pH为6.5,催化剂投加量为0.4 g·L-1,钯载率为0.5%的条件下,对初始浓度为5 mg·L-1的四氯化碳的去除率高达99.88%.在相同的反应条件下,纳米零价铁和纳米钯铁双金属对四氯化碳的脱氯率分别为58.25%、87.94%.此外,对四氯化碳的脱氯机制进行了探讨.     

我国典型钢铁行业主要工艺环节排放颗粒物源成分谱特征

鉴于我国钢铁行业排放颗粒物源成分谱数量不足,有待更新的现状,致力于服务精细化颗粒物源解析的需求,采用稀释通道系统对武汉市某钢铁公司的3个主要工艺环节(烧结、炼钢、炼铁)排放源进行了采样.构建了3类PM_(2.5)源成分谱及3类PM_(10)成分谱,对源谱主要化学组分特征进行了研究,并与国内其他区域已有的钢铁行业源谱研究进行了对比.结果表明:(1)烧结工艺源成分谱中,SO_4~(2-)、Al和NH_4~+等含量高,PM_(2.5)源谱中质量分数依次为22. 2%、4. 5%和3. 5%,PM_(10)源谱中依次为36. 0%、5. 2%和2. 7%,炼铁工艺Fe元素含量最高,在PM_(2.5)源谱和PM_(10)源谱中分别达到28. 3%和24. 5%,炼钢工艺源谱Ca、Fe元素等为主要组分;(2)元素组分中,烧结工艺S元素含量最高,地壳元素在PM_(10)源谱中含量更高,炼铁工艺Pb、Cr等重金属含量偏高,炼钢工艺Cr富集;(3)源谱之间分歧系数的计算显示,同类工艺粗细粒径源谱相似性偏高,烧结工艺与其他两类工艺源谱之间差异性较高,炼钢工艺与炼铁工艺差异性较低.同国内其他区域研究源谱相比,发现Fe、Si和Ca等为钢铁行业排放颗粒物中标识性组分,而碳组分和SO_4~(2-)等组分特征随生产方式、除污设备等不同表现出不同特征.