抚顺李石污灌区土壤环境质量初评

为了解污水灌溉对土壤及农田的长期影响,对李石污灌区13个监测点位的土壤质地、养分状况、重金属及有机物等指标进行了监测。监测结果表明：李石污灌区土壤质地以中一重壤为主,容重稍高,土地较为贫瘠;部分点住重金属含量超标,有机污染严重。     

去除矿井水中乳化油的试验研究

本文针对大同矿务局矿井水含乳化油影响电渗析正常使用问题，在实验室与现场采用七种单项技术，四种组合工艺反复试验，取得了大量有效数据，经分析研究提出了去除乳化油的最佳工艺。该技术可对含乳化油矿井水处理起到一定指导作用。     

辽宁省宽甸水体中硼的环境地球化学特征研究

在宽甸地区的地表水系(鸭绿江、蒲石河、南股河、北股河、爱河等),地下水及饮用水系布设采样点共采集样品56个并采用等离子质谱(Excell)及等离子光谱(IRIS)进行硼含量分析.由此揭示水体中硼的来源、分布、运移和聚集等情况,并且根据国家<农田灌溉水质标准>(GB5084-92)中关于硼和pH的规定分析评价了宽甸地区地表水体的灌溉能力以及根据卫生部<生活饮用水水质卫生规范>中关于硼和pH的规定分析评价了饮用水的安全程度.结果表明,宽甸地区未受硼矿开发影响的水体基本适合农业灌溉或饮用,而在硼矿开发区范围内,受到硼矿开发影响的水体大部分不适合灌溉,或不适合饮用.      

典型污灌区土壤中多环芳烃的垂直分布特征

研究了有污水灌溉历史的沈抚灌区、浑浦灌区和清原对照点3个土壤剖面多环芳烃(PAHs)含量的分布特征.结果表明,在美国EPA优先控制的16种PAHs中,沈抚灌区土壤剖面中检测出10种,浑浦灌区检出12种,清原检出8种.PAHs总含量峰值随着土壤深度的增加呈下降趋势,但最高值均未出现在0～2 cm土层,而是分布在2～5和5～10 cm土层.各剖面单组分分布以4～5环PAHs为主,主要污染物是荧蒽、苯并[a]蒽和苯并[k]荧蒽,低环PAHs含量峰值多集中在0～2 cm土层,中、高环PAHs大部分分布在5～10 cm土层.从单组分比值和母体多环芳烃比值可以看出,3个剖面的PAHs污染源来自于汽油、原油、煤的不完全燃烧,或通过污水灌溉,或以烟尘颗粒为载体通过大气干、湿沉降和风力输送进入到土壤环境中.      

焦作煤矿区矿坑排水对地下水环境的影响

焦作矿区随着煤矿资源的开发,矿坑排水造成的环境地质问题日益突出,主要表现为区域地下水位下降及矿区水环境污染问题,已严重制约着焦作煤炭工业的发展。本文就煤矿开采引发的环境地质问题进行了剖析并提出了相应的防治对策。     

松嫩平原西部稻田回归水中污染物的输出规律

对松嫩平原西部稻田回归水中盐分及N、P的可溶态、颗粒吸附态进行了分析。结果表明，洗盐水中主要污染物浓度相比灌溉水均明显增加，特别是Na^ 、HCO3^-等；随洗盐次数增加，洗盐排水中盐分等污染物浓度呈降低趋势。第2次洗盐排水中盐分、NO3^--N、TP、PO4^3--P浓度相比第1次分别降低了4％－50％、72％－92％、805－98％、9％－84％；洗盐水中盐分以可溶态为主，P以悬浮态为主，N的规律不明显，且N、P的形态变化受洗盐水中悬浮颗粒物及胶体多少的影响很大；洗盐回归水中污染物含量主要取决于土壤中的含盐量，耕作历史对其影响不明显，河水灌区回归水中Na^ 、HCO3^-一般低于井水灌区；生长季稻田回归水中污染物浓度受降雨、施肥等影响变化较大，但生长季回归水中可溶盐离子含量均明显低于泡田期。     

Drivers and barriers to water transfer in a New Zealand irrigation scheme

Policy makers, economists and water researchers have advocated water transfer and trade as a key potential response to worldwide water scarcity and/or efficiency problems. This paper examines aspects of an operational irrigation scheme in New Zealand that enables transfer of water between shareholders, arguing that the set-up and processes involved with the scheme can provide a wider context for analysis and consideration of social and cultural issues involved with resource allocation. Analysis of the key drivers and barriers for water reveal that while there is potential for real benefits from transferring water for farmers and the community, an examination of some of the processes used, and barriers to transfer reveals important lessons for planning and regulatory perspectives, including the importance of looking at the issues from a procedural and distributive justice viewpoint.     

Situational Waste in Landscape Watering: Residential and Business Water Use in an Urban Utah Community1

Abstract: Landscape water conservation is an important issue for municipalities throughout the Western United States, and especially in Utah as rapid growth strains existing water supplies. We conducted interdisciplinary research in Layton, Utah, that aimed at understanding patterns of landscape water use among households and businesses. The research project involved three basic tasks. First, a landscape “water budget” was developed by producing a calibrated and classified mosaic of landscape type and area from airborne multispectral digital imagery, integrating this information with Layton City parcel boundary data to determine landscape vegetated areas per lot, and estimating irrigation needs derived from reference evapotranspiration (ETo) obtained using weather data for the Salt Lake City metropolitan region. Second, utilizing Layton water billing data, water use for each household and business was identified and categorized as “conserving,”“acceptable” or “wasteful” by determining how much the water applied varied from actual landscape plant need. Third, surveys were administered to a random stratified sample of households and businesses in the study area to investigate various factors that were hypothesized to be predictive of wasteful watering practices. This paper primarily focuses on analysis of the household and business survey data, which explores factors affecting urban landscape water use from a human behavioral perspective. We found that the most significant factors predicting actual water use were the type of irrigation system and whether the location was a household or business. Attitudinal and motivational characteristics were not consistently associated with water use. We found that wasteful watering is the result of many factors embedded in the complex context of urban landscapes. This implies that water conservation programs should identify potential wasteful users through analyses of water billing data and direct water conservation measures at these users by focusing on site‐specific evaluations and recommendations. Water audits or water checks are one such tool that some communities have employed to help people understand and assess the quantity of water needed by and applied to their landscapes. This approach provides an opportunity to evaluate situational constraints at particular locations and design appropriate strategies for reducing water waste.     

Can behavioural responses of Lumbriculus variegatus (Oligochaeta) assess sediment toxicity? A case study with sediments exposed to acid mine drainage

The São Domingos mine (Portugal) is, potentially, a good site for ecotoxicological studies, due to a pH and metal gradient of acid mine drainage. In this study, the toxicity of several mine sediments was evaluated using the aquatic oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus as a test organism. Our hypothesis was that exposure to contaminated sediments would cause behavioural early warning responses in L. variegatus. Five sites, with pH ranging from 2.5 to 6.5, and with associated metals, were investigated. The results showed poor sediment quality in most of the collected sediments and Fe, S and As were the dominant elements in the samples. High mortalities were observed, ranging from 32.6 to 100%, indicating severe contamination. The collected sediments did not support good L. variegatus growth and significantly changed its behaviour. Early warning responses consisted of decreased locomotion and decreased peristaltic movements. A behaviour inhibition will affect the ecosystem balance by limiting the organisms' ability to avoid capture, which leads to a higher risk of predation.     

Continuing pollution from the Rum Jungle U-Cu project: A critical evaluation of environmental monitoring and rehabilitation

The former Rum Jungle uranium-copper project, Australia, is an internationally important case study on environmental pollution from and rehabilitation of mining. The Rum Jungle mining project is briefly reviewed, followed by a critical evaluation of monitoring data and pollution loads prior to and after rehabilitation - leading to the conclusion that rehabilitation has clearly failed the test of time after just two decades. The most critical findings are the need to understand pollution cycles holistically, and designing monitoring regimes to match, explicit inclusion of radiological criteria (lacking in original planning), and finally the need to set targets based on environmental criteria. Two examples include polluted groundwater which was excluded from rehabilitation and the poor design, construction and/or performance of engineered soil covers - both leading to increasing acid drainage impacts on the Finniss River. The critical review therefore presents a valuable case study of the environmental performance of uranium mine site rehabilitation.