Protective effects of methanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum leaves on mitochondrial dysfunction and damage induced by isoproterenol in hearts of male rats

The impact of a methanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum leaves on isoproterenol-induced myocardial damage and its mechanism of action on mitochondrial function in male rats has been investigated. Administration of isoproterenol caused increased oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage leading to decreased production of adenosine triphosphate. Pre-treatment with the extract reduced the generation of the reactive oxygen species and increased the antioxidant status compared to an isoproterenol-treated group. There was enhancement in the activities of tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes, electron transport chain components, and adenosine triphosphate production in the mitochondria of the extract pre-treated rats. Mitochondrial membrane damage induced by isoproterenol was also reduced, as evidenced by the increased mitochondrial membrane potential, decreased mitochondrial Ca²⁺ overload, and reduced release of cytochrome c. Hence, O. sanctum can protect the heart from isoproterenol-induced cardiac damage.     

氟啶胺对斑马鱼胚胎线粒体氧化磷酸化和多巴胺系统基因表达的干扰效应

杀菌剂氟啶胺是哺乳动物细胞中一种典型的线粒体氧化磷酸化解偶联试剂,极易在鱼体内富集,且对鱼类具有极高的毒性。本文测定了氟啶胺对斑马鱼(Danio rerio)胚胎的96 h半数致死浓度LC50值,并研究了该浓度下氟啶胺对斑马鱼胚胎线粒体呼吸耗氧速率和多巴胺神经通路中关键基因表达的干扰效应。氟啶胺对斑马鱼胚胎的96 h-LC50值为0.5μmol·L~(-1),该浓度下氟啶胺能够导致胚胎发生中轴骨骼发育不全和心脏水肿等畸形现象,这说明该杀菌剂对斑马鱼胚胎具有极高的毒性。在该浓度下,胚胎的基础呼吸速率和ATP产量均受到了显著抑制,这说明氟啶胺在斑马鱼细胞内同样具有解偶联活性,该杀菌剂能够干扰斑马鱼的线粒体氧化磷酸化过程。另外,LC50浓度氟啶胺还能够激活线粒体内锰超氧化物歧化酶基因(sod2)的表达,这说明氟啶胺能够引发线粒体内氧化自由基的产生,从而导致线粒体功能异常。由于多巴胺系统对线粒体能量产生和氧气消耗具有较高的敏感性,因此本文检测了斑马鱼体内多巴胺系统关键基因的转录水平。LC50浓度的氟啶胺能够显著抑制与多巴胺合成有关的酪氨酸羟化酶基因(th)和与多巴胺接收有关的多巴胺受体基因(drd2a)的转录水平,这说明斑马鱼在发育中多巴胺系统是氟啶胺引发神经疾病的有效靶位。一直以来氟啶胺在水环境中的残留是备受关注的环境问题,因此研究氟啶胺对斑马鱼胚胎的毒性作用机制具有重要意义。     

满足新标准采用电除尘新技术改造的应用与分析

提出了现有电除尘器可采用余热利用节能、高频电源、双区结构、隔离振打等新技术进行提效节能改造的思路,分析了这些新技术的技术特性,并进行了实际案例剖析,对满足《火电厂大气污染物排放标准》（GB13223-2011）烟尘排放的要求,形成现有电除尘器的新型改造模式具有重要参考价值。     

Biochemical and histopathological ultrastructural changes caused by ZnO nanoparticles in mice

Five week-old mice were divided into a vehicle control group, and groups exposed to ZnO nanoparticles at low (0.5 g/kg), middle (1 g/kg), high (3 g/kg), and exceptionally high-dose (5 g/kg). After the first, second, third, and fourth weeks’ of exposure, blood biochemistry, histopathology, and electron microscopic ultrastructural changes in liver, kidney and spleen were investigated. Increased alkaline phosphatase activities were observed in all treated mice being statistically significant at higher dose. No changes were observed in the serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and lipid levels. During the first and second weeks of the treatment, effects on the cytoarchitecture of liver, kidney, and spleen were not perceived while during the third and fouth weeks of treatment sporadic mild effects were seen. Ultrastructural electron microscopic changes in liver, kidney, and spleen were not observed for the low-dose group on the first, second, third, and fourth weeks, suggesting that exposure to ZnO nanoparticles at low dose is safe. Long-term (i.e., more than 28 days) exposure to the exceptionally high-dose resulted in sporadic changes in nuclear chromatin condensation, irregular nuclear membrane, polymorphic mitochondria, mitochondrial swelling, and vacuolation. ZnO nanoparticles could be well tolerated and no death occurred in any group of treated mice.     

基于防冲的孤岛工作面分类及应用研究

针对目前煤矿孤岛工作面冲击地压类型复杂且治理缺乏针对性的问题,提出了“分类防治”的思路,围绕导致孤岛工作面冲击的高应力这一本质原因,并综合考虑覆岩运动、地质构造、开采、空间等因素,基于防冲对孤岛工作面进行分类;将孤岛工作面分为充分采动、非充分采动、充分-非充分采动、立体、“隐性”和复合型6种类型;将该分类方法应用于孤岛工作面采前冲击危险性评估,并根据评估结果对孤岛工作面冲击地压实施分类防治。研究结果表明:该分类方法可有效控制孤岛工作面冲击地压灾害。     

Characterizing the Extent of Spatially Integrated Floodplain and Wetland Systems in the White River,Indiana, USA

Floodplain delineation may inform protection of wetland systems under local, state, or federal laws. Nationally available Federal Emergency Management Agency Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs, “100‐year floodplain” maps) focus on urban areas and higher‐order river systems, limiting utility at large scales. Few other national‐scale floodplain data are available. We acquired FIRMs for a large watershed and compared FIRMs to floodplain and integrated wetland area mapping methods based on (1) geospatial distance, (2) geomorphic setting, and (3) soil characteristics. We used observed flooding events (OFEs) with recurrence intervals of 25‐50 to >100 years to assess floodplain estimate accuracy. FIRMs accurately reflected floodplain areas based on OFEs and covered 32% of river length, whereas soil‐based mapping was not as accurate as FIRMs but characterized floodplain areas over approximately 65% of stream length. Geomorphic approaches included more areas than indicated by OFE, whereas geospatial approaches tended to cover less area. Overall, soil‐based methods have the highest utility in determining floodplains and their integrated wetland areas at large scales due to the use of nationally available data and flexibility for regional application. These findings will improve floodplain and integrated wetland system extent assessment for better management at local, state, and national scales.     

啶酰菌胺在斑马鱼体内的富集特性及其对SDH和复合物Ⅱ活性的抑制

为进一步探索啶酰菌胺对水生生物的毒性,选择斑马鱼为供试生物,采用半静态法,研究了啶酰菌胺在斑马鱼体内的富集与消除规律及对其肝脏和鳃的毒性作用。结果表明,斑马鱼暴露于0.08、0.32 mg·L~(-1)中,14 d后均达到富集平衡,28 d生物富集系数(BCF_(28 d))分别为35.50和36.72。在0.16、0.32 mg·L~(-1)浓度下,斑马鱼的比肝重(HSI)和比鳃重(BSI)均明显高于对照组,而肝脏和鳃中琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)和线粒体呼吸链复合物II活性均明显低于对照组,浓度低于0.08 mg·L~(-1)时,对斑马鱼无明显影响。由此可知,啶酰菌胺对斑马鱼为中等富集性,并对其肝脏和鳃有一定毒性作用。     

隔离曝气生物反应器处理含硫含酚碱渣

采用隔离曝气生物反应器（简称反应器）处理含硫含酚碱渣（简称碱渣）,探讨了碱渣中硫化物的去除机理．研究了反应器中的挂膜驯化过程,考察了水力停留时间、气水体积比（简称气水比）及反冲洗周期等对碱渣中硫化物、挥发酚、COD和油等污染物处理效果的影响。实验结果表明,在碱渣处理量为1m^3／h、气水比为36：1、水力停留时间为12．0h,反冲洗周期为3～5d的条件下,经过隔离曝气生物氧化工艺处理后碱渣的COD、硫化物、油和挥发酚的去除率分别为88％,99％,89％,85％,出水BOD,约为30mg／L,BOD,／COD小于0．1,处理1t碱渣的产泥量为0．17～0．26kg。     

Effects of humic acid coatings on phenanthrene sorption to black carbon

Black carbon (BC) can strongly adsorb hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs).The HOC sorption to coated BC could be attenuated in soil and sediment compared with that of the parent BC.To study the potential causes of the sorption attenuation,humic acid (HA) and BC were isolated.Phenanthrene (PHE) was selected as the representative of HOCs.BC was coated with the precipitated HA.The PHE sorption to the HA-coated BC was determined.The HA coatings on BC could result in the significant sorption attenuation of PHE to BC.The attenuation varied in different HA origin and was positively correlated to the aromaticity of HA.The attenuation could be explained by the direct competition between HA and PHE for the available sorption sites on BC and the reduction of the available sorption sites as a result of the pore blockage of BC caused by the HA coatings.Therefore,the HA coatings on BC was one potential cause of the attenuation of HOC sorption to BC in soil and sediment.     

不同铅暴露区人体离体牙铅含量和年龄关系及指示意义

人体牙釉质是记录环境铅(Pb)暴露信息的较好载体。本研究采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)联用的方法测定来自高Pb暴露区(铅锌冶炼厂地区)和Pb暴露对照区(农业种植区)附近长期居住 /不同年龄段人体离体牙的Pb含量,结果显示：高Pb暴露区离体牙表现出Pb含量高且随居民年龄增长而增高的趋势,离体牙Pb含量从6—12岁儿童的(60.8±15.3) μg·g^-1增加到65岁以上老年人的(200.1±30.5) μg·g^-1;而铅暴露对照区人体离体牙Pb含量低且基本随年龄增长变化不大。Pb主要通过呼吸道和消化道进入人体并在牙齿中富集,因此,牙齿中的Pb含量与生活环境密切相关。研究结果表明：生活在高Pb暴露区的人群,环境中的Pb可能通过各种介质(空气、水、实物等)不断进入人体,其牙齿不断蓄积环境来源的Pb。因此人体离体牙Pb有可能作为人体长期Pb暴露生物标志物。