黄山顶夏季气溶胶数浓度特征及其输送潜在源区

利用轨迹聚类方法对2011年6~8月黄山光明顶的气团轨迹进行聚类分组,得到2011年夏季到达黄山顶的主要气团输送轨迹,结合黄山顶的气溶胶数浓度观测资料,分析不同类型输送轨迹与黄山顶积聚模态颗粒物数浓度的关系.利用潜在源贡献因子分析法PSCF(potential source contribution function analysis)定性分析了不同气团背景下黄山顶积聚模态颗粒物数浓度的潜在源区,最后结合浓度权重轨迹分析法CWT(concentration weighted field)定量分析不同潜在源区对黄山顶积聚模态颗粒物数浓度的贡献.结果表明,积聚模态颗粒物(0.5~1μm)数浓度约占0.5~20μm颗粒物数浓度的94.9%;黄山顶6~8月大陆气团的发生频率最高,约43.4%;影响黄山光明顶积聚模态颗粒物数浓度的潜在源区主要来自一些工业发达人口密集的城市群:湖北东部、安徽中部、河南、江西境内、两广交界处、湖南南部以及浙江北部地区.而垂直方向上,来自西北和西南方向高度约2~5km的自由对流层气团对黄山顶积聚模态粒子数浓度贡献较大.     

全国重要生态功能区生态安全评价

《全国生态功能区划》提出的50个国家重要生态功能区域,对于国家和区域生态安全保障具有重要指导意义。从生态胁迫和生态结构与功能2个方面选取指标构建生态安全评价体系,以2000、2005和2010年生态系统遥感数据为基础,分区对全国重要生态功能区生态安全进行评价,识别生态安全状况呈恶化趋势的区域,为全国重要生态功能区的生态安全保障工作提供理论基础和科学依据。结果显示,水源涵养区和生物多样性保护区的生态安全指数相对较高,土壤保持重要区的生态安全状况较差;重要生态功能区总体生态安全状况呈下降趋势,比较显著的变化包括洞庭湖洪水调蓄重要区和藏东南山地热带雨林生物多样性保护重要区的生态环境状况改善明显,黑河中下游防风固沙重要区的生态安全指数值最小且呈下降趋势。     

基于径向基函数神经网络方法的城市生态压力预测

针对城市生态压力影响因素复杂,难以对城市未来可持续发展状况做出准确判断的问题,提出了城市生态压力的径向基函数神经网络预测模型,分析了影响城市生态系统的主要因素.以抚顺市1995-2009年数据为基础,验证了模型的准确性并预测了该市2010-2015年城市生态系统的压力情况.研究结果表明:能源消耗指标是影响城市生态系统压力的主要因素;运用径向基函数神经网络模型对训练样本的拟合精度以及对测试样本的仿真精度分别达97.91%和94.16%;抚顺市2015年的人均生态足迹、 生态承载力和生态赤字分别达到7.013、 0.523和6.49 hm²/人.     

Role of GSH in the amelioration of chromium-induced membrane damage

Membrane damage is one of the important consequences of chromium (Cr), an environmental toxicant, induced cytotoxicity. Reduced glutathione (GSH), a membrane protectant may be used to reduce the Cr-induced membrane damage. In the present study, the impact of Cr in presence and absence of GSH was studied on plasma membrane of the liver and kidneys in male Wistar rats. Significant increases in membrane cholesterol levels as well as significant decreases in membrane phospholipid levels in Cr exposed (0.8 mg per 100 g body weight, i.p., for 28 days) animals suggest structural alterations in both the liver and kidney plasma membranes. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total ATPase, and Na⁺–K⁺–ATPase activities of plasma membrane were significantly decreased in both the liver and kidneys after Cr treatment. This treatment also produced significant weight loss and increased Cr content in the liver and kidneys. However, GSH (8 mg per 100g body weight, i.p., daily at an interval of 6 h after injection of Cr for a period of 28 days) supplementation restored alterations induced by Cr in plasma membrane of both the liver and kidneys but was not able to eliminate the deposited Cr from the liver and kidney tissues.     

Liver and renal lesions in mercury-contaminated narwhals (Monodon monoceros) from North West Greenland

Narwhals (Monodon monoceros) from North West Greenland are known to bioaccumulate mercury (Hg) in tissues and internal organs. This is postulated to be a health concern and therefore studies were undertaken to conduct a screening study of Hg concentrations and histopathology of liver and renal tissues in a total of 12 specimens. The sample consisted of two sub-adults (one male, one female) and 10 adult (six males, four females) collected in Qaanaaq (Thule) 2010. In liver, Hg mean ± SD was 11.88 ± 10.47 μg/g ww (range: 0.39?31.8 μg/g ww) while the concentrations in kidneys were 1.85 ± 1.20 μg/g ww (range: 0.41?4.03 μg/g ww). There was no marked difference in Hg concentrations between males and females while sub-adults had significantly lower concentrations. The histological examinations of renal tissue showed glomerular capillary dilatation and basement membrane thickening, dilatation, and hyalinization of Bowman's space/capsule and tubular lesions with hyaline casts accompanied by interstitial fibrosis in the kidneys. In liver tissue, portal cell infiltrates and fibrosis, bile duct proliferation, lipid-filled Ito cells, and steatosis were found. There was no marked difference in histological prevalence between males and females and in Hg concentrations in individuals with or without lesions. Four of seven renal lesions and one liver lesion were found in the two sub-adult whales. Based upon these findings, as well as the nature of the lesions, evidence suggests that histopathological alterations were a result of age but that Hg might be an aggravating co-factor in development of renal lesions in particular.     

Pesticide-induced alterations of hemopoietic functions in Anabas testudineus inhabiting wetlands in agricultural landscape

The unrestricted use of agrochemicals in crop fields lowers the overall prospects of survival and yield of wetland fish species like Anabas testudineus. In the present study, the impact of different doses of SUMIDON-40, an organophosphate (OP) pesticide on the hematopoiesis of Anabas testudineus has been examined. The small lymphoid hemoblast and consequently the polychromatophilic erythroblasts decreased significantly at both sublethal and LC₅₀ dose-treated fish. The percentage of mature erythrocyte also fell significantly in the pesticide-treated groups. The erythropoietic efficiency was increased in fish exposed to sublethal dose but fell in fish exposed to LC50 dose. Among leucocytes, the percentage of neutrophils rose in Anabas testudineus in both treatment groups and percentage of macrophage decreased significantly only in LC₅₀ dose-treated group. The percentage of lymphocyte increased significantly in sublethal dose-treated groups. The overall leukopoietic efficiency, however, was elevated significantly in both treatment groups. These facts clearly indicated that pesticides affected the overall process of hematopoiesis in this fish species. Flow cytometric analysis of cell cycle in pronephric kidney cells confirmed changes in percentage of cell death and DNA synthesis following pesticide exposure. Data indicate that habitat deterioration from agrochemicals impedes the hematopoiesis in this species resulting in reduced tolerance in their usually hypoxic habitat environment.     

基于3S技术的区域生态廊道模拟及优化

以北京市朝阳区为例,运用3S技术并参考现有资料,对北京市朝阳区现有生态廊道状况进行了分析研究,并运用生态服务功能价值理论和耗费距离模型,模拟建立了北京市朝阳区潜在生态廊道模型。研究结果表明,研究区内生态环境受到了一定的破坏,景观破碎化严重,斑块聚集度虽高,但连接度不够,廊道连通性较差,许多重要的生态斑块没有足够的廊道连接,没有形成良好的生态网络,廊道的规模也达不到标准,服务范围较小。为修复现有廊道来维护区域生态安全,强化生态服务功能,建议北京市朝阳区生态廊道适宜宽度阈值：河流生态廊道植被宽度一侧至少30m以上,道路生态廊道植被宽度一侧至少60m以上,绿带生态廊道植被宽度一侧至少500m以上。     

Roe and red deer as bioindicators of heavy metals contamination in north-western Poland

The present paper examines the degree of environmental contamination in areas covered by the Natura 2000 programme, located in north-western Poland, with selected heavy metals based on their concentration in target organs of roe and red deer. Lead, cadmium, copper, iron, and zinc concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry. Residues of lead and cadmium were found in most of the analysed samples of roe and red deer organs The concentration of cadmium in the organs of the animals studied was much higher than that of lead. The median for Pb in liver and kidneys was 0.055 and 0.092 μg/g dry weight (d.w.) in roe deer, and 0.067 and 0.081 μg/g d.w. in red deer, respectively. The median for liver and kidney cadmium was 0.770 and 6.139 μg/g d.w. in roe deer, and 0.422 and 6.365 μg/g d.w. in red deer, respectively. Our study has demonstrated that this area is laden with lead and cadmium. This is evidenced by the fact that maximum permissible levels of these elements in the organs of red and roe deer, which were used as bioindicators of environmental contamination, were exceeded.     

海上搜救中发现概率的研究

对海上搜救中发现概率及其影响因素进行了研究。重点探讨了影响发现概率的核心因素扫海宽度和指数探测函数的得出和应用,并提出了扫海宽度的修正模型和指数探测函数的修正模型。以期为实际的海上搜救行动提供更加准确的理论依据,推动我国海上搜救辅助决策系统的开发与应用,最终促进搜寻成功概率的提高,保障海上员生命财产安全。     

我国近岸海域环境功能区划制度发展现状及对策

近岸海域环境功能区划制度在保护近海环境质量、维护海洋生态功能等方面发挥了重要作用,已经成为近岸海域环境保护规划的基础和环境监督管理的依据.在国家加快推进陆海、城乡国土空间统筹和优化的背景下,要实现近岸海域生态系统服务功能保护、水质持续改善等目标要求,仅明确近岸海域和沿岸陆域生态环境保护空间格局难以满足海洋生态环境保护需求,还需进一步明确近岸海域生态环境保护目标体系.近岸海域环境功能区划制度已经实施20余年,目前呈现出法律地位不足、功能分类体系与近岸海域生态环境保护要求不一致、功能区目标间协调性不足、调整频繁、各省份近岸海域环境功能区监管工作不统一等问题.因此,应重新定位近岸海域环境功能区在海洋环境管理中的作用,强化对其所确定的近岸海域环境功能的保护,并由环境功能保护的需求进一步提出水质保护、生态保护目标,将近岸海域环境功能区划作为全国近岸海域生态环境目标空间管理的依据.在此基础上,提出提升近岸海域环境功能区的法律地位、构建科学合理的近岸海域环境功能区分类体系、基于生态系统管理理念制定海洋环境保护目标、严格功能区划调整程序、完善近岸海域环境功能区监管制度等对策建议,为完善近岸海域环境功能区划制度提供借鉴.