低温下ABR酸化反应器的运行效果及微生物活性研究

考察了低温对四格室ABR酸化反应器性能的影响.在水力停留时间3 h,进水COD浓度230～300 mg/L,TP浓度1.59～1.93 mg/L,NH4-N浓度23～28 mg/L,进水温度8～15 ℃,酸化出水温度3～9 ℃条件下,溶解性COD最高去除率达56%.沿流程方向反应器前面2个格室的COD净去除量占总去除量的64%,明显高于后面2个格室,去除率也有相似特征.反应器不同格室的挥发性悬浮固体(VSS)浓度也明显不同,前面格室的VSS高于后面格室.造成不同格室COD降解差异的主要原因为生物量不同所致,高生物量对应着高COD去除量和去除率.沿水流方向不同格室中微生物INT脱氢酶活性(DHA)呈递减趋势,前面2个格室的微生物活性明显高于后2个格室.营养物水平不同,微生物活性不同,高营养对应着高活性,高活性对应着高COD去除率.     

重金属对活性污泥微生物毒性的比较研究

采用发光细菌毒性、活性污泥脱氢酶毒性、硝化抑制毒性3种方法测定Hg、Cd、Zn、Pb 4种重金属对活性污泥微生物的毒性,并对测定结果进行了比较.结果表明,发光细菌毒性测定方法的灵敏度最高,测得的重金属半数有效浓度(ECSO)最低,4种重金属对发光细菌发光强度的抑制程度由大到小顺序依次为Hg>Cd>Zn>Pb;活性污泥脱氢酶毒性和硝化抑制毒性的测定结果与发光细菌毒性测定结果相比,灵敏度相对较低,测得的重金属ECSO相对较高,测得的活性污泥脱氢酶活性的抑制程度由大到小顺序依次为Cd>Hg>Zn>Pb,与测得的活性污泥硝化速率抑制程度大小顺序一致.但2者测得的EC50有所差别.为了更准确的判定重金属对活性污泥微生物的毒性影响.至少应取不同的重金属毒性终点指示指标做一组毒性实验,而不能以发光细菌毒性测定结果作为唯一的判定依据,这可能会过分夸大重金属对污水处理工艺的冲击能力,导致污水处理成本无谓增加.     

不同存放时间太湖蓝藻产沼气潜力

对不同存放时间蓝藻(新鲜蓝藻、存放3个月、6个月和9个月)进行厌氧消化处置,分析反应过程中沼气量、代谢产物和酶活等变化,获得各自的产沼气潜力。研究结果表明,存放6个月蓝藻组的产沼气率最大,为120.5 mL/g TS,是新鲜蓝藻组的1.29倍。Gompertz模型拟合表明,随着存放时间的延长,最大产沼气量(Pmax)先增大后减小,最大比产气率一直增加。存放3个月蓝藻组的VFA在第6天达到最大,为1 575.4 mg/L,而存放9个月蓝藻组的VFA在第2天达到最大,为1 116.5 mg/L。存放3个月蓝藻组的最大中性蛋白酶酶活为1 203.4μg/(g TS.h),比新鲜蓝藻组提高212.8μg/(gTS.h)。脱氢酶酶活随着蓝藻存放时间的增加呈现先增加后减小的趋势。     

Oral administration of potassium bromate, a major water disinfection by-product, induces oxidative stress and impairs the antioxidant power of rat blood

Potassium bromate (KBrO₃) is a widely used food additive, a water disinfection by-product and a known nephrotoxic agent. The effect of KBrO₃ on rat blood, especially on the anti-oxidant defense system, was studied in this work. Animals were given a single oral dose of KBrO₃ (100 mg/kg body weight) and sacrificed 12, 24, 48, 96 and 168 h after this treatment. Blood was collected from the animals and separated into plasma and erythrocytes. KBrO₃ administration resulted in increased lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, hydrogen peroxide levels and decreased the reduced glutathione content indicating the induction of oxidative stress in blood. Methemoglobin levels and methemoglobin reductase activity were significantly increased while the total anti-oxidant power was greatly reduced upon KBrO₃ treatment. Nitric oxide levels were enhanced while vitamin C concentration decreased in KBrO₃ treated animals. The activities of major anti-oxidant enzymes were also altered upon KBrO₃ treatment. The maximum changes in all these parameters were 48 h after the administration of KBrO₃ and then recovery took place. These results show for the first time that KBrO₃ induces oxidative stress in blood and impairs the anti-oxidant defense system. Thus impairment in the anti-oxidant power and alterations in the activities of major anti-oxidant enzymes may play an important role in mediating the toxic effects of KBrO₃ in the rat blood. The study of such biochemical events in blood will help elucidate the molecular mechanism of action of KBrO₃ and also for devising methods to overcome its toxic effects.     

Effects of lanthanum（Ⅲ） on nitrogen metabolism of soybean seedlings under elevated UV-B radiation

The hydroponic culture experiments of soybean bean seedlings were conducted to investigate the effect of lanthanum(La)on nitrogen metabolism under two different levels of elevated UV-B radiation(UV-B,280-320 nm).The whole process of nitrogen metabolism involves uptake and transport of nitrate,nitrate assimilation,ammonium assimilation,amino acid biosynthesis,and protein synthesis. Compared with the control,UV-B radiation with the intensity of low level 0.15 W/m~2 and high level 0.45 W/m~2 significantly affected the whole nitrogen metabolism in soybean seedlings(p<0.05).It restricted uptake and transport of NO_3~-,inhibited activity of some key nitrogen-metabolism-related enzymes,such as:nitrate reductase(NR)to the nitrate reduction,glutamine systhetase(GS)and glutamine synthase(GOGAT)to the ammonia assimilation,while it increased the content of free amino acids and decreased that of soluble protein as well.The damage effect of high level of UV-B radiation on nitrogen metabolism was greater than that of low level. And UV-B radiation promoted the activity of the anti-adversity enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase(GDH),which reduced the toxicity of excess ammonia in plant.After pretreatment with the optimum concentration of La(20 mg/L),La could increase the activity of NR, GS,GOGAT,and GDH,and ammonia assimilation,but decrease nitrate and ammonia accumulation.In conclusion,La could relieve the damage effect of UV-B radiation on plant by regulating nitrogen metabolism process,and its alleviating effect under low level was better than that under the high one.     

Comprehensive quality assessment of municipal organic waste composts produced by different preparation methods

In the first part of this work, the effect of municipal organic waste (MOW) composts on plant growth was evaluated in a greenhouse trial. The treatments included soil amended with 14 different composts (prepared by shredding, adding wood shavings, cocomposting with biosolids or vermicomposting), an inorganically fertilized soil, and a control soil. All of the treatments significantly increased plant growth compared to the control, and yields of three of the amended treatments were as high as that of the inorganic fertilizer treatment. When comparing differently prepared composts to the conventional compost, it was found that cocomposting MOW with biosolids was the method which most positively influenced yields (26-41% yield increases). In the second part of this work, we evaluated the effects of the different preparation methods on compost quality, using a multivariate approach. Three main quality aspects were considered collectively in a principal component analysis: organic matter and nutrient concentrations, degradability and capacity to mineralize these nutrients, and plant growth. The model was restricted to the first and second components (PC1 and PC1) which accounted for 94% of data variance. On the resulting factorial plane, four groups were distinguished. Each of the groups was compared to the reference compost to determine quality increases or decreases. Based on this analysis, it was found that cocomposting MOW with biosolids produced the highest quality products (higher total nutrient and OM concentration, nutrient mineralization potential, and plant growth). Addition of wood shavings increased OM concentration, but reduced quality in terms of the other aspects studied. Shredding was only effective to increase product quality when it was not combined with other methods, whereas vermicomposting only increased quality when MOW was not mixed with biosolids.     

活性污泥活性参数指标的选评

根据国内外一些学者的研究进展,本文对活性污泥的活性参数指标如氧吸收率、脱氢酶活性、三磷酸腺苷(ATP)含量、水解酶活性、氧化还原酶活性、污泥生物量、蛋白质含量等活性指标进行了系统的分析和评价.认为水解酶、氧化还原酶、蛋白质含量等参数适用于各毒物对活性污泥生理生化影响的研究,而脱氢酶活性、耗氧率、ATP含量三个参数最能准确反映活性污泥的活性,可作为活性污泥污水处理的监控参数。     

黑曲霉(ASPERGILLUS NIGER)SG株三磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶基因的分离与初步鉴定

黑曲霉（Ａｓｐｅｒｇｉｌｕｓｎｉｇｅｒ）在工业生产和科学研究中占有重要地位,因为许多黑曲霉菌株能产生有机酸和酶制剂,并能分泌大量蛋白质到细胞外［１,６］．三磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶（Ｇｌｙｃｅｒａｌｄｅｈｙｄｅ３ｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔｅｄｅｈｙｄｒｏｇｅｎａ...     

The effects of high metal concentrations in soil-compost mixtures on soil enzymes

The study was undertaken to determine the impact of high-metal composts on the activities of four soil enzymes. High concentrations of metal salts (Cr, Cu, Ni or a Co-Mo-Pb combination) were added to feedstocks during the thermophilic stage of composting. These four metal-enriched composts and an unamended control compost were then mixed with soil collected from long-term agriculture plots under organic management or conventional management. The compost-soil mixtures were prepared at two rates (1:1 or 1:3 compost:soil, v/v) and incubated at 20°C for three weeks. These 20 combinations plus the five composts and the two soils were added to pots and incubated for three weeks. Following incubation, soil enzyme activities (acid phosphatase, arysulfatase, dehydrogenase, phosphodiesterase) were measured using traditional assay procedures. Compared to the control, none of the high-metal composts inhibited soil enzyme activity. Notably, the Cu compost treatment produced significantly higher activity of all four enzymes in the soil compared to the control. Previous soil management influenced the activity of three enzymes, arysulfatase and dehydrogenase had greater activity in the organic soil while phosphatase activity was greater in the conventional soil. Increasing the proportion of compost in the pot had a positive effect on phosphodiesterase activity only. In conclusion, the high-metal compost treatments either enhanced or caused no adverse effects on soil enzyme activity.     

一株假单胞菌产脱氢酶的产酶条件优化

为提高假单胞菌（Pseudomonas sp.）降解蒽、芘过程中产生的脱氢酶量,以脱氢酶量为指标,采用Box-Behnken试验设计方法和响应面分析法（RSM）对产酶条件（如温度、盐度以及质量梯度）进行了筛选与优化.结果表明:假单胞菌降解蒽和芘模型的P均小于0.05,表明该模型差异性显著,回归效果良好.另外,假单胞菌降解蒽时的最适产酶条件为盐度3.89%、质量梯度5%、温度35.73℃,测得脱氢酶量为（140.353±6.430）μg,与预期值（141.466 μg）接近,优化结果可靠.各因素对脱氢酶量均有显著性影响,按影响程度从大到小依次为温度>质量梯度>盐度.假单胞菌降解芘时的最适产酶条件为盐度0.73%、质量梯度7%、温度34.78℃,测得脱氢酶量为（84.032±0.063）μg,与预期值（86.304 μg）接近,优化结果可靠.各因素对脱氢酶量均有显著性影响,按影响程度从大到小依次为质量梯度>盐度>温度.可见,温度是影响假单胞菌降解蒽物质的主要因素,而质量梯度则是影响芘的主要因素.研究显示,模型对假单胞菌产脱氢酶量的预测可靠,具有良好的工业应用前景.